Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes in Japan: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Cigarette smoking is the leading avoidable cause of disease burden. Observational studies have suggested an association between smoking and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies to investigate the association of smoking status, smoking intensity, and smoking cessation with the risk of T2DM in Japan, where the prevalence of smoking has been decreasing but remains high. We systematically searched MEDLINE and the Ichushi database to December 2015 and identified 22 eligible articles, representing 343,573 subjects and 16,383 patients with T2DM. We estimated pooled relative risks (RRs) using a random-effects model and conducted subgroup analyses by participant and study characteristics. Compared with nonsmoking, the pooled RR of T2DM was 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-1.49) for current smoking (19 studies) and 1.19 (95% CI, 1.09-1.31) for former smoking (15 studies). These associations persisted in all subgroup and sensitivity analyses. We found a linear dose-response relationship between cigarette consumption and T2DM risk; the risk of T2DM increased by 16% for each increment of 10 cigarettes smoked per day. The risk of T2DM remained high among those who quit during the preceding 5 years but decreased steadily with increasing duration of cessation, reaching a risk level comparable to that of never smokers after 10 years of smoking cessation. We estimated that 18.8% of T2DM cases in men and 5.4% of T2DM cases in women were attributable to smoking. The present findings suggest that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of T2DM, so tobacco control programs to reduce smoking could have a substantial effect to decrease the burden of T2DM in Japan.
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Smoking may have a role in the development of type 2 diabetes.
“Smoking may have a role in the development of type 2 diabetes (285-287).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [286]
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- Authors
- Akter, S., Goto, A., & Mizoue, T.
- Affiliations
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine (JP)
- National Cancer Centre Japan (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Akter, Shamima
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Japan Epidemiological Association
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 553-561
- ISSN
- 0917-5040 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5623034
- OpenAlex
- W2736206604
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund (25-A-19)
- Industrial Health Foundation, JSPS KAKENHI (25293146)
- Industrial Disease Clinical Research Grant (140202-01)
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine (28-Shi-1206)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, type 2 diabetes, smoking cessation, smoking intensity, dose-response relationship, attributable risk, tobacco control, Japan
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Japan, Risk Factors, Smoking
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