The Sources, Impact and Management of Car Park Runoff Pollution: A Review
Abstract
Traffic emissions contribute significantly to the build-up of diffuse pollution loads on urban surfaces with their subsequent mobilisation and direct discharge posing problems for receiving water quality. This review focuses on the impact and mitigation of solids, metals, nutrients and organic pollutants in the runoff deriving from car parks. Variabilities in the discharged pollutant levels and in the potentials for pollutant mitigation complicate an impact assessment of car park runoff. The different available stormwater best management practices and proprietary devices are reported to be capable of reductions of between 20% and almost 100% for both suspended solids and a range of metals. This review contributes to prioritising the treatment options which can achieve the appropriate pollutant reductions whilst conforming to the site requirements of a typical car park. By applying different treatment scenarios to the runoff from a hypothetical car park, it is shown that optimal performance, in terms of ecological benefits for the receiving water, can be achieved using a treatment train incorporating permeable paving and bioretention systems. The review identifies existing research gaps and emphasises the pertinent management practices as well as design issues which are relevant to the mitigation of car park pollution.
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Traffic areas are especially likely to emit a wide range of micropollutants into the runoff.
“Among the various urban surfaces, traffic areas are especially likely to emit a wide range of micropollutants into the runoff.”
From Micropollutants in Urban Runoff from Traffic Areas: Target and Non-Target Screening on Four Contrasted Sites (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Runoff pollution remains poorly documented, except for relatively few historical pollutants such as some metals and hydrocarbons.
“runoff pollution remains poorly documented, except for relatively few historical pollutants such as some metals and hydrocarbons.”
From Micropollutants in Urban Runoff from Traffic Areas: Target and Non-Target Screening on Four Contrasted Sites (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
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ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN OF OFF-STREET CAR PARKS
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Gasperi, J., Le Roux, J., Deshayes, S., Ayrault, S., Bordier, L., Boudahmane, L., Budzinski, H., Caupos, E., Caubrière, N., Flanagan, K., et al. (2022) · Water · doi:10.3390/w14030394 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
- Authors
- Revitt, D. M., Lundy, L., Coulon, F., & Fairley, M.
- Affiliations
- Middlesex University London (GB)
- Cranfield University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Revitt, D. Michael
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 146
- Pages
- 552-567
- ISSN
- 0301-4797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2004457369
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 0.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Management (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Middlesex University Research Repository (Middlesex University Of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Keywords
- stormwater pollution, vehicle emissions, suspended solids, heavy metals, nutrients, organic pollutants, stormwater best management practices, permeable pavement, bioretention, treatment train, receiving water quality, pollutant mitigation
- MeSH terms
- Vehicle Emissions, Environmental Monitoring, Rain, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Pollution, Chemical, Water Quality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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