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Neurodegenerative diseases and Withania somnifera (L.): An update
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal also known as 'Ashwaghanda' in Sanskrit and as 'Indian Winter Cherry' in english. is an important medicinal herb in India. It is widely used in Indian systems of medicine as an adaptogen, nerve tonic, anti-stress, memory enhancer and against cognitive deficits, insomnia, anxiety, infectious diseases, infertility, rheumatoid arthritis and gout over thousands of years. Its formulations are mainly used in Unani and Ayurvedic system of medicine. It is a remarkable centuries old herbal Rasayana used to treat neuronal ailments and is known as ''Sattvic Kapha Rasayana.Aim of the study To review neuroprotective properties of Withania somnifera (L.)extract as well as its active constituents in neurodegenerative diseases and other neurological ailments.Materials and methods The sources of information used in present article include Indian system of Medicine reports on the use of natural products, Medicinal books, research articles and scientific databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science-Direct, SciFinder, ACS Publications and Wiley Online Library.Results Research reports based largely on preclinical studies as well as few clinical trials have highlighted the neuroprotective role of Ashwagandha against many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. The protective effects of Ashwagandha were accomplished by restoring mitochondrial and endothelial function, mitigation of apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress mechanisms.Conclusion In this review, we recapitulated neuroprotective properties of Ashwagandha extracts and/or its major constituents and discussed their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications. The pre-clinical as well as clinical studies suggest the use of Withania somnifera (L.) against neurodegenerative disease. However, extensive studies are warranted to validate the use of extract or its single constituents for its clinical use.
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“According to the simulation studies, it was investigated whether withanamides A and C may bind to the active motif of (Aβ 25-35 ) distinctly and may shield cells from the toxicity caused by Aβ by preventing fibril formation [148].”
From Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: Preclinical to Clinical Trial Insights (2023) · cites this paper as [148]
In the citing paper
“W. somnifera is one of the most conspicuous herbs prescribed for AD [80,81].”
From The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotective Plants in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
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Wadhwa, R., & Kaul, S. C. (2023) · International Journal of Ayurveda Research · doi:10.4103/ijar.ijar_6_23 · Cited by 3
Pharmacological profiling of medicinal plants: a contemporary overview
Aslam, B., Sajid, M. R., Hussain, A., & Abbas, I. (2025) · Natural Product Research · doi:10.1080/14786419.2024.2448853 · Cited by 2
“Earlier reports revealed the anxiolytic effect due to glycowithanolides present in W. somnifera (Dar 2020).”
Natural products proposed for the management of Huntington’s disease (HD): a comprehensive review
Salman, A., Eid, A. H., Khalaf, S. S., El‐Dessouki, A. M., El‐Shiekh, R. A., & Aly, S. H. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04444-w · Cited by 2
“The protective effects of W. somnifera were accomplished by restoring mitochondrial and endothelial function, and mitigating apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress mechanisms (Dar and Ahmad 2020).”
Sabry, M. O., Seleem, M. M., Ebrahim, Y. M., Hussien, S. G., Ahmed, R., Hassan, H. E., Bahr, A., Alsadany, M. A., El-Shiekh, R. A., & Ali, D. E. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia · doi:10.1007/s43450-025-00729-6 · Cited by 2
“Withania somnifera (ash-wagandha) contains withanolides (withanolide A ( 6 )), which are steroidal lactones with anti-stress, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective activities (Dar and Ahmad 2020; Mikulska et al. 2023; Kim et al. 2025; Ruhila and Galib 2025).”
Srivastava, A. N., Ahamad, T., Sarfraz, A., Siddiqui, S., Khan, F., Trivedi, A., Khan, M. F., Misra, A., Shankar, H., Khan, M. A., et al. (2026) · Cytoskeleton · doi:10.1002/cm.70131 · Cited by 2
Malhotra, S., & Sandhir, R. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19084-1.00013-2 · Cited by 2
ALSUntangled #74: Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha)
Jhooty, S., Barkhaus, P. E., Brown, A. D., Cadavid, J. M., Carter, G. T., Crayle, J. I., Heiman-Patterson, T. D., Li, X., Mallon, E., McDermott, C. J., et al. (2024) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2024.2311721 · Cited by 2
Dhillon, D., Jain, M., Singh, A. K., & Muthukumaran, J. (2025) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.151383 · Cited by 2
Mohanty, S. K., Nayak, Y., & Sahoo, L. (2026) · In Silico Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s40203-025-00518-y · Cited by 2
“Several medicinal plants, including turmeric (Sharifi et al. 2020), Withania somnifera (Dar et al. 2020), and Bacopa monnieri (Abdul et al. 2019), have shown anti-neuronal properties in preclinical and clinical studies, suggesting potential therapeutic effects against neurodegenerative diseases…”
Gulati, P., Yadav, A., Chadha, J., & Singh, S. (2021) · Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences · doi:10.37871/jbres1357 · Cited by 2
“Withanone has been valued as an ancient medicinal herb in antistress therapy, memory enhancement, and nerve tonic with neuroprotective properties [43].”
BackgroundSilva, U. M. G. D. D., Mangal, G., Attanayake, A. M. H. S., Upadhyay, A., & Vedpathak, S. (2023) · Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100743 · Cited by 1
“Ingredients of these formulations have shown anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-oxidant, and nootropic properties [19,20].”
BackgroundThe Effect of Nutrients on Neurological Disorders
Perrone, L., & Grant, W. B. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16234016 · Cited by 1
Julka, A., Venate, P., & Huddar, V. G. (2024) · Ayush journal of integrative oncology. · doi:10.4103/ajio.ajio_16_24 · Cited by 1
Pappu, M. A. A., Alamin, M., Noman, M. A., Sultana, M. H., Ahmed, M. F., Hossain, M. S., Latif, M. A., Faysal, M. F., Azad, A., Alyami, S. A., et al. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16121459 · Cited by 1
“Additionally, it alleviates apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress processes [91].”
Hasan, A. H., Rana, S., Kumer, A., Hossain, N., Sezin, S. N., Islam, M. T., Molla, N. U., Hosen, M. N., Maha, N. M., Mahi, M. M., et al. (2026) · In Silico Research in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.insi.2026.100234 · Cited by 1
Choyal, P., Rana, V. S., Tomar, M., Usha, K., & Singh, B. (2026) · Discover Plants. · doi:10.1007/s44372-026-00511-5 · Cited by 1
“It is also found to be effective against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease [4].”
Rahman, M., Akter, K., Rani, A., Park, M. N., & Kim, B. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18111796 · Cited by 2
Dube, K., Stoinescu, A., & Pandey, S. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18121986 · Cited by 1
Arbab, S., Ullah, H., Han, Y., Zhou, J., & Li, K. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103263 · Cited by 1
The pathophysiological signaling and efficacy of medicinal herbal compounds in Alzheimer’s disease
Darabi, S., Ariaei, A., Gorgich, E. A. C., Rezaei, S., Behruzi, M., Abasian, Z., & Rustamzadeh, A. (2025) · Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.61186/phypha.29.1.3 · Cited by 1
Reslan, M. A., Issa, H., Al-Haj, N., Ibeh, S., Yehya, Y., Hassan, H. H., Kobeissy, F. H., Eid, A. H., Zibara, K., & Shaito, A. A. (2022) · Nutritional neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6467-0_15 · Cited by 1
Future Research Directions and Prospects of Secondary Metabolites in Drug Discoveries
Mohanto, S., Sultana, A., Choudhary, D. K., Bhunia, A., Nag, S., Wahab, S., & Ahmed, M. G. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394204595.ch19 · Cited by 1
Ernst, E. K. (2022) · Copernicus books · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10710-8_8
Genetic modulators of neurodegenerative diseases and their amelioration by natural products
Hameed, R., Naseer, A., Toppo, P., Akbar, M., Yadav, S., & Nazir, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19084-1.00019-3
Metadata
- Authors
- Dar, N. J., & Ahmad, M.
- Affiliations
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IN)
- ORCID
- Dar, Nawab John
- Venue
- Journal of Ethnopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 256
- Pages
- 112769
- ISSN
- 0378-8741 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3013795312
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 2.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Ethnopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (MLP6009)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Pharmacological Effects of Medicinal Plants
- Keywords
- Withania somnifera, neurodegenerative diseases, neuroprotection, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Rasayana, Ayurveda, mitochondrial function, apoptosis, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, India, Plants, Medicinal, Neuroprotective Agents, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Plant Preparations, Withania
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