The DOI matches its Crossref record; 84 of the 84 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Passive investors, not passive owners
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Citations
Cites
Separation of Ownership and Control
Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983) · The Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1086/467037 · Cited by 19,058
Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers
Jensen, M. C. (1986) · Cited by 17,275
Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance, and takeovers
Jensen, M. C. (1996) · Corporate Bankruptcy · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609435.005 · Cited by 9,306
Large Shareholders and Corporate Control
Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1986) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261385 · Cited by 8,408
Regression discontinuity designs in economics
Lee, D. S., & Lemieux, T. (2010) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.48.2.281 · Cited by 4,534
A Survey of Weak Instruments and Weak Identification in Generalized Method of Moments
Stock, J. H., Wright, J. H., & Yogo, M. (2002) · Journal of Business & Economic Statistics · doi:10.1198/073500102288618658 · Cited by 4,274
Outside directors and CEO turnover
Weisbach, M. S. (1988) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(88)90053-0 · Cited by 4,234
The Influence of Institutional Investors on Myopic R&D Investment BehaviorPreprint
Bushee, B. J. (1998) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 3,198
Agency Problems and Dividend Policies around the World
La Porta, R., Lopez‐de‐Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (2000) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/0022-1082.00199 · Cited by 3,174
Takeover Bids, The Free-Rider Problem, and the Theory of the Corporation
Grossman, S. J., & Hart, O. D. (1980) · The Bell Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/3003400 · Cited by 3,098
Cited by
Anticompetitive Effects of Common Ownership
AZAR, J., SCHMALZ, M. C., & TECU, I. (2018) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/jofi.12698 · Cited by 980
“For example, Vanguard explains their corporate governance engagements under the title “passive investors, not passive owners” (Booraem, 2014); the Financial Times, in an article titled “passive investment, active ownership,” quotes the former head of corporate governance at TIAA-CREF as saying: “Having a passive inves…”
BackgroundInstitutional shareholders and corporate social responsibility
Chen, T., Dong, H., & Lin, C. (2020) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.06.007 · Cited by 975
Stock Liquidity and Stock Price Crash Risk
Chang, X., Chen, Y., & Zolotoy, L. (2017) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.1017/s0022109017000473 · Cited by 486
Fichtner, J., Heemskerk, E. M., & Garcia-Bernardo, J. (2017) · Business and Politics · doi:10.1017/bap.2017.6 · Cited by 452
Are institutional investors with multiple blockholdings effective monitors?
Kang, J.-K., Luo, J., & Na, H. S. (2018) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.03.005 · Cited by 412
Metadata
- Authors
- Appel, I. R., Gormley, T. A., & Keim, D. B.
- Venue
- Journal of Financial Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 111-141
- ISSN
- 0304-405X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3121345957
- Cited by
- 965
- References
- 84
- FWCI
- 307.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Passive investors, not passive owners. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.jfineco.2016.03.003
- The paper
- Appel, I. R., Gormley, T. A., & Keim, D. B. (2016). Passive investors, not passive owners. Journal of Financial Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2016.03.003
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
