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Antioxidants from grape stalks and marc: Influence of extraction procedure on yield, purity and antioxidant power of the extracts
Abstract
This study was aimed to assess the feasibility of extracting antioxidant compounds from wine-making wastes (grape stalks and marc) by solvent extraction. Together with the type of raw material it was also investigated the influence of some process parameters on final antioxidants yields and extract purity: a degreasing pre-treatment, type of solvent (ethanol or a mixture ethylacetate:water/9:1), temperature (28 or 60 °C) and length of maceration (5 or 24 h). Solvent and temperature were statistically influent (p < 0.05), and the yields were higher with ethanol (but with lower purities) and at 60 °C. Antioxidant power of the extracts was evaluated by different analytical methods. An accurate comparison of our data with many literature works about antioxidants recovery from different natural sources showed similar results and highlighted a general great variability in the extraction procedures.
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“Fifth, the extracted bioactive components has high purity [47], [48].”
From A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies (2023) · cites this paper as [47]
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“…as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of dry weight of the hydroalcoholic extract (mg GAE/g DWHE) according to the validated formula [84]: where A : is the sample absorbance a : is the calibration curve slope b : is the y-intercept V : is the final reaction volume (mL) DF : is the…”
Dalposso, P. V., de Aguiar, C. M., Torquato, A. S., Tiuman, T. S., Martin, C. A., Zara, R. F., & Cottica, S. M. (2021) · Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1590/fst.47420 · Cited by 10
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“It causes the degradation of phenolic compounds due to the breakdown of the hydroxyl group and other bonding and reducing the phenolic content [26, 38].”
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“Because heat increases solubility, diffusivity coefficient, and morphological changes in the plant sample matrix [21, 22], a polar solvent such as methanol is well known to be more effective in extracting bioactive compounds from plant materials [23].”
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“…conventional SE were 55% ethanol, 50 ◦ C and 5 h. Similarly, other authors reported optimised conditions for SE of phenolic compounds antioxidant activity from red grape pomaces with ethanol in the concentration range of 30–80% ( v / v ) in water at temperatures between 45 ◦ C and 60 ◦ C [32–35].”
Kinetics and modeling for extraction of chrysin from Oroxylum indicum seeds
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“A high solid to solvent ratio produces a high concentration gradient that reduces diffusional resistance, favors mass transfer, and enhances the extraction rate (31).”
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“In this sense, Spigno et al. [12] extracted polyphenols from the grape stalk using ethanol and ethylacetate as solvents at varying temperatures and time, reporting less than 0.4 g GAE per 100 g of GS, which is significantly lower than the values obtained in the present study.”
InfluentialNtougias, S., Kavroulakis, Ν., Papadopoulou, K. Κ., Ehaliotis, C., & Zervakis, G. I. (2010) · The Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-010-9193-y · Cited by 8
“Grape residues are mainly used for the production of traditional spirits (Silva et al., 2000), and to a lesser extent, of organic acids (Nurgel and Canbas, 1998), natural coloring agents (Malien-Aubert et al., 2001) and antioxidants ( Spigno and Faveri, 2007 ).”
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“While solvent extraction has been conventionally employed [10], there is growing interest in SFE as an alternative approach due to its solvent-free nature and minimal thermal degradation [11].”
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“Hence, the temperature of 50°C is considered as the most suitable temperature for the extraction temperature [21,24,25].”
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“At higher values of this ratio the lower extraction efficiency observed, probably due to mass transfer limitations [2].”
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“Therefore, the reuse of these compounds represents a valuable strategy to both cut down the costs of waste disposal and to develop functional food formulations (Spigno & De Faveri, 2007) and components in a circular economy approach (Alonso, Guillean, Barroso, Puertas, & Garcìa, 2002).”
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“Moreover, landfilling is strongly discouraged since wine wastes affect the soil erosion and decrease the groundwater quality, grape stalks and marc were currently most used for the extraction of antioxidant compounds based on phenolic substances by using solvents [53], grape pomace cannot be used as animal feed due to…”
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“More contradictories are the data available for incubation time during extraction: some authors chose quite short extraction times [11,13,14]; other long ones [2,9, 12,15,16].”
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“The water bath method was the most efficient in extracting of phenolic and flavonoid compounds due to the heat; the reason might be the decomposition of heavy polyphenols to a variety of phenolic compounds with less molecular weight (25).”
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“So in this study, the water bath method was used due to the applied temperature within the process of extraction (17).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Spigno, G., & De Faveri, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Spigno, Giorgia
- ORCID
- Spigno, Giorgia
- Venue
- Journal of Food Engineering
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 793-801
- ISSN
- 0260-8774 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042174599
- Cited by
- 325
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 4.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Food Engineering (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
- Keywords
- grape stalks, grape pomace, antioxidants, solvent extraction, ethanol extraction, extraction temperature, maceration time, extraction yield
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.