Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 Upregulate Akt/mTOR Signaling-Mediated Muscular Hypertrophy and Myoblast Differentiation
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BACKGROUND: As a process of aging, skeletal muscle mass and function gradually decrease. It is reported that ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 play a role as AMP-activated protein kinase activator, resulting in regulating glucose homeostasis, and Rb1 reduces oxidative stress in aged skeletal muscles through activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/Nrf2 pathway. We examined the effects of Rb1 and Rb2 on differentiation of the muscle stem cells and myotube formation. METHODS: C2C12 myoblasts treated with Rb1 and/or Rb2 were differentiated and induced to myotube formation, followed by immunoblotting for myogenic marker proteins, such as myosin heavy chain, MyoD, and myogenin, or immunostaining for myosin heavy chain or immunoprecipitation analysis for heterodimerization of MyoD/E-proteins. RESULTS: Rb1 and Rb2 enhanced myoblast differentiation through accelerating MyoD/E-protein heterodimerization and increased myotube hypertrophy, accompanied by activation of Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In addition, Rb1 and Rb2 induced the MyoD-mediated transdifferentiation of the rhabdomyosarcoma cells into myoblasts. Furthermore, co-treatment with Rb1 and Rb2 had synergistically enhanced myoblast differentiation through Akt activation. CONCLUSION: Rb1 and Rb2 upregulate myotube growth and myogenic differentiation through activating Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and inducing myogenic conversion of fibroblasts. Thus, our first finding indicates that Rb1 and Rb2 have strong potential as a helpful remedy to prevent and treat muscle atrophy, such as age-related muscular dystrophy.
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Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 increase myotube growth and myogenic differentiation via activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
“Additionally, ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 increase myotube growth and myogenic differentiation via activating Akt/mTOR signaling pathway [150].”
From Nutraceuticals in the Prevention and Treatment of the Muscle Atrophy (2021) · cites this paper as [150]
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Nutraceuticals in the Prevention and Treatment of the Muscle Atrophy
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- Authors
- Go, G.-Y., Jo, A., Seo, D.-W., Kim, W.-Y., Kim, Y. K., So, E.-Y., Chen, Q., Kang, J.-S., Bae, G.-U., & Lee, S.-J.
- Affiliations
- Sookmyung Women's University (KR)
- Dankook University (KR)
- Brown University (US)
- Samsung (South Korea) (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Bae, Gyu-Un
- Lee, Sang-Jin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Ginseng Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 435-441
- ISSN
- 1226-8453 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7195574
- OpenAlex
- W2913465781
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Ginseng Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Korean government (NRF-2016R1A2B4014868, NRF-2017-R1D1A1B03032839)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, Akt/mTOR signaling, myogenesis, myotube hypertrophy, muscle atrophy, age-related muscle loss, rhabdomyosarcoma cells, skeletal muscle aging, synergistic effect
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