The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Combined effects of sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole on a freshwater microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus: toxicity, biodegradation, and metabolic fate
Abstract
This study investigated the environmental effects of two common emerging contaminants, sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and their mixture using a green microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus. The calculated EC50 values of SMZ, SMX, and their mixture (11:1 wt/wt) after 96 h were 1.23, 0.12, and 0.89 mg L-1, respectively. The toxicity of the mixture could be better predicted using a concentration addition model than an independent action model. The risk quotients of SMZ, SMX, and their mixture were >1 during the experiment, indicating their high potential risks on aquatic microorganisms. Despite their toxicity, S. obliquus exhibited 17.3% and 29.3% removal of 0.1 mg L-1 and 0.2 mg L-1 after 11 days of cultivation. The changes of SMZ and SMX removal were observed when combined, which showed a significantly improved removal of SMZ (up to 3.4 folds) with addition of SMX (0.2 mg L-1). The metabolic pathways of SMZ and SMX were proposed according to mass spectroscopic analysis, which showed six metabolites of SMX and seven intermediates of SMZ, formed as a result of ring cleavage, hydroxylation, methylation, nitrosation, and deamination.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Natural Environments
Martínez, J. L. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1159483 · Cited by 1,795
EU-wide survey of polar organic persistent pollutants in European river waters
Loos, R., Gawlik, B. M., Locoro, G., Rimaviciute, E., Contini, S., & Bidoglio, G. (2009) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.020 · Cited by 1,023
González-Pleiter, M., Gonzalo, S., Rodea-Palomares, I., Leganés, F., Rosal, R., Boltes, K., Marco, E., & Fernández-Piñas, F. (2013) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.020 · Cited by 783
Global Synthesis and Critical Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Data Sets Collected from River Systems
Hughes, S. R., Kay, P., & Brown, L. E. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es3030148 · Cited by 779
Toxic and genotoxic evaluation of six antibiotics on non-target organisms
Isidori, M., Lavorgna, M., Nardelli, A., Pascarella, L., & Parrella, A. (2005) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.11.017 · Cited by 680
Can Microalgae Remove Pharmaceutical Contaminants from Water?
Xiong, J.-Q., Kurade, M. B., & Jeon, B.-H. (2018) · Trends in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.09.003 · Cited by 582
Self-citationFerrari, B., Mons, R., Vollat, B., Fraysse, B., Paxēaus, N., Giudice, R. L., Pollio, A., & Garric, J. (2004) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1897/03-246 · Cited by 559
Xiong, J.-Q., Kurade, M. B., Abou-Shanab, R. A. I., Ji, M.-K., Choi, J., Kim, J. O., & Jeon, B.-H. (2016) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.038 · Cited by 463
Self-citationYang, L.-H., Ying, G.-G., Su, H.-C., Stauber, J. L., Adams, M. S., & Binet, M. T. (2008) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1897/07-471.1 · Cited by 445
Ciprofloxacin toxicity and its co-metabolic removal by a freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas mexicana
Xiong, J.-Q., Kurade, M. B., Kim, J. R., Roh, H.-S., & Jeon, B.-H. (2017) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.073 · Cited by 414
Self-citation
Cited by
Microalgae-based wastewater treatment: Mechanisms, challenges, recent advances, and future prospects
Abdelfattah, A., Ali, S. S., Ramadan, H., El-Aswar, E. I., Eltawab, R., Ho, S.-H., Elsamahy, T., Li, S., El-Sheekh, M. M., Schagerl, M., et al. (2023) · Environmental Science and Ecotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.ese.2022.100205 · Cited by 894
“6 nonradicals (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)) are formed inside the cells, which fundamentally control cellular metabolism and could cause oxidative harm to biomolecules, cellular dysfunction, and ultimately cell death [36,105].”
BackgroundYin, Z., Zhu, L., Li, S., Hu, T., Chu, R., Mo, F., Hu, D., Liu, C., & Li, B. (2020) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122804 · Cited by 522
Hena, S., Gutierrez, L., & Croué, J.-P. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124041 · Cited by 478
Use of microalgae based technology for the removal of antibiotics from wastewater: A review
Leng, L., Wei, L., Xiong, Q., Xu, S., Li, W., Lv, S., Lu, Q., Wan, L., Wen, Z., & Zhou, W. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124680 · Cited by 448
Xiong, Q., Hu, L.-X., Liu, Y.-S., Zhao, J.-L., He, L.-Y., & Ying, G.-G. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106594 · Cited by 280
Metadata
- Authors
- Xiong, J.-Q., Kim, S.-J., Kurade, M. B., Govindwar, S., Abou-Shanab, R. A. I., Kim, J.-R., Roh, H.-S., Khan, M. A., & Jeon, B.-H.
- Venue
- Journal of Hazardous Materials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 370
- Pages
- 138-146
- ISSN
- 0304-3894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2884429093
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 35
- FWCI
- 6.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Combined effects of sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole on a freshwater microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus: toxicity, biodegradation, and metabolic fate. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.049
- The paper
- Xiong, J.-Q., Kim, S.-J., Kurade, M. B., Govindwar, S., Abou-Shanab, R. A. I., Kim, J.-R., Roh, H.-S., Khan, M. A., & Jeon, B.-H. (2019). Combined effects of sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole on a freshwater microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus: toxicity, biodegradation, and metabolic fate. Journal of Hazardous Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.049
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
