The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Comprehensive analysis and insights gained from long-term experience of the Spanish DILI Registry
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The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Also, both registries have minimum enrollment criteria for liver enzyme and bilirubin elevation, so it is unclear how the RECAM may perform in less severe injuries.8, 10”
From A revised electronic version of RUCAM for the diagnosis of DILI (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Regarding to demographic data, it should be noted that the average age was around 55 years in both the European and Spanish hepatotoxicity registries, being slightly lower (49 years on average) in the North American registry.”
From DILI Differences and Similarities between the US and Europe (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The pharmacological groups most frequently involved in DILI are antimicrobials, cardiovascular system drugs, and musculoskeletal system drugs, although this varies according to country and areas of the world [3][4][5][6].”
From DILI Differences and Similarities between the US and Europe (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Data on liver transplantation are also higher in the American DILI cohort (4%) than in the European (2.5%) and Spanish (1.5%) cohorts [3][4][5].”
From DILI Differences and Similarities between the US and Europe (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In all three registries, the predominant pattern was hepatocellular, with jaundice rates of between 60 and 70% [3][4][5].”
From DILI Differences and Similarities between the US and Europe (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Metabolites from dihydralazine and tienilic acid coupled with cellular proteins can form neoantigens4 inducing immune reactions and causing DI-ALH.”
From Nomenclature, diagnosis and management of drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis (DI-ALH): An expert opinion meeting report (2023) · cites this paper as [18]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Regarding to herbal products, the percentage is much higher in the American registry (145 cases, 16%) than in the Spanish and European registries (6% in both, including cases of anabolic steroids) [3][4][5]”
From DILI Differences and Similarities between the US and Europe (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“It is important to note that there are differences between the main agents responsible in the three registries analysed (Table 1; Fig. 1) [3][4][5].”
From DILI Differences and Similarities between the US and Europe (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“The percentage of underlying liver disease was higher in the American registry (around 10%) than in the Spanish registry (6.3%), although the proportion of patients with immunoallergic phenotype was the same in both registries (15%) [3,4].”
From DILI Differences and Similarities between the US and Europe (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Second place is occupied by anti-tuberculosis drugs (4.5%) in the Spanish registry and isoniazid in the American registry (5.3%) [3,4].”
From DILI Differences and Similarities between the US and Europe (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In terms of severity of liver injury, percentages are fairly homogeneous between the Spanish and European registries, with a higher frequency of severe and fatal outcomes in the American registry, at 19% and 7% respectively.”
From DILI Differences and Similarities between the US and Europe (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Evaluating only the responsible agents separately, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is the most common xenobiotic, accounting for 10.1%, 22.9% and 12% in American, Spanish and European registries, respectively [3][4][5].”
From DILI Differences and Similarities between the US and Europe (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, in the Spanish register there is a predominance of males, compared to the other two where females predominate (48% in Spanish, 57% in European and 59% in American) [3][4][5].”
From DILI Differences and Similarities between the US and Europe (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
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Citations
Cites
Validation of a combined comorbidity index
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EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Drug-induced liver injury
Andrade, R. J., Aithal, G. P., Björnsson, E. S., Kaplowitz, N., Kullak-Ublick, G. A., Larrey, D., & Karlsen, T. H. (2019) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.02.014 · Cited by 1,276
Self-citationAndrade, R. J., Chalasani, N., Björnsson, E. S., Suzuki, A., Kullak-Ublick, G. A., Watkins, P. B., Devarbhavi, H., Merz, M., Lucena, M. I., Kaplowitz, N., et al. (2019) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0105-0 · Cited by 924
Self-citationBjörnsson, E. S., Bergmann, O. M., Björnsson, H. K., Kvaran, R. B., & Olafsson, S. (2013) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.006 · Cited by 865
Incidence and Etiology of Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Mainland China
Shen, T., Liu, Y., Shang, J., Xie, Q., Li, J., Yan, M., Xu, J., Niu, J., Liu, J., Watkins, P. B., et al. (2019) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.02.002 · Cited by 615
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 33
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- McGill, 2019, Animal models of drug-induced liver injury, Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 1865, 1031, 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.037 · DOI
- Sgro, 2002, Incidence of drug-induced hepatic injuries: a French population-based study, Hepatology, 36, 451, 10.1053/jhep.2002.34857 · DOI · Paper page
- Andrade, 2005, Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period, Gastroenterology, 129, 512, 10.1016/j.gastro.2005.05.006 · DOI · Paper page
- Suk, 2012, A prospective nationwide study of drug-induced liver injury in Korea, Am J Gastroenterol, 107, 1380, 10.1038/ajg.2012.138 · DOI · Paper page
- Chalasani, 2015, Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: the DILIN prospective study, Gastroenterology, 148, 1340, 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.006 · DOI · Paper page
- Bessone, 2019, When the creation of a consortium provides useful answers: experience of the Latin American DILI Network (LATINDILIN), Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken), 13, 51, 10.1002/cld.778 · DOI
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- Lucena, 2011, Recurrent Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) with different drugs in the Spanish Registry: the dilemma of the relationship to autoimmune hepatitis, J Hepatol, 55, 820, 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.12.041 · DOI · Paper page
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- Lucena, 2006, Determinants of the clinical expression of amoxicillin-clavulanate hepatotoxicity: a prospective series from Spain, Hepatology, 44, 850, 10.1002/hep.21324 · DOI
- Lucena, 2009, Phenotypic characterization of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: the influence of age and sex, Hepatology, 49, 2001, 10.1002/hep.22895 · DOI · Paper page
- Robles-Diaz, 2014, Use of Hy's law and a new composite algorithm to predict acute liver failure in patients with drug-induced liver injury, Gastroenterology, 147, 109, 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.050 · DOI · Paper page
- Medina-Caliz, 2016, Definition and risk factors for chronicity following acute idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury, J Hepatol, 65, 532, 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.003 · DOI · Paper page
- Benichou, 1990, Criteria of drug-induced liver disorders. Report of an international consensus meeting, J Hepatol, 11, 272, 10.1016/0168-8278(90)90124-A · DOI · Paper page
- Aithal, 2011, Case definition and phenotype standardization in drug-induced liver injury, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 89, 806, 10.1038/clpt.2011.58 · DOI · Paper page
- Hennes, 2008, Simplified criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis, Hepatology, 48, 169, 10.1002/hep.22322 · DOI · Paper page
- Lo Re, 2015, Risk of acute liver failure in patients with drug-induced liver injury: evaluation of Hy's law and a new prognostic model, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 13, 2360, 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.06.020 · DOI
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- Czaja, 2011, Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis, Dig Dis Sci, 56, 958, 10.1007/s10620-011-1611-4 · DOI · Paper page
- de Boer, 2017, Features of autoimmune hepatitis in patients with drug-induced liver injury, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 15, 103, 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.05.043 · DOI · Paper page
- Björnsson, 2017, Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis: response to corticosteroids and lack of relapse after cessation of steroids, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 15, 135, 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.05.027 · DOI · Paper page
- Fountain, 2005, Isoniazid hepatotoxicity associated with treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: a 7-year evaluation from a public health tuberculosis clinic, Chest, 128, 116, 10.1378/chest.128.1.116 · DOI
- Bright-Thomas, 2016, Drug-related hepatitis in patients treated with standard anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy over a 30-year period, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 20, 1621, 10.5588/ijtld.16.0370 · DOI
- Hayashi, 2015, Under-reporting and poor adherence to monitoring guidelines for severe cases of isoniazid hepatotoxicity, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 13, 1676, 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.02.024 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update
Devarbhavi, H., Asrani, S. K., Arab, J. P., Nartey, Y. A., Pose, E., & Kamath, P. S. (2023) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.017 · Cited by 2,267
AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement–induced liver injury
Fontana, R. J., Liou, I., Reuben, A., Suzuki, A., Fiel, M. I., Lee, W., & Navarro, V. (2023) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.32689 · Cited by 340
Andrade, R. J., Aithal, G. P., de Boer, Y. S., Liberal, R., Gerbes, A., Regev, A., Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli, B., Schramm, C., Kleiner, D. E., De Martin, E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.033 · Cited by 166
Self-citationA revised electronic version of RUCAM for the diagnosis of DILI
Hayashi, P. H., Lucena, M. I., Fontana, R. J., Bjornsson, E. S., Aithal, G. P., Barnhart, H., Gonzalez‐Jimenez, A., Yang, Q., Gu, J., Andrade, R. J., et al. (2022) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.32327 · Cited by 160
Self-citationImmune-mediated drug-induced liver injury: immunogenetics and experimental models
Gerussi, A., Natalini, A., Antonangeli, F., Mancuso, C., Agostinetto, E., Barisani, D., Di Rosa, F., Andrade, R., & Invernizzi, P. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094557 · Cited by 87
Self-citationMethods for causality assessment of idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury
García‐Cortés, M., Matilla‐Cabello, G., & Lucena, M. I. (2025) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.16083 · Cited by 15
Self-citationThe contemporary epidemiology, causes, and management of drug-induced liver injury
Swanson, L., & Fontana, R. J. (2026) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1097/hc9.0000000000001011
DILI Differences and Similarities between the US and Europe
Toro-Ortiz, J. P., Andrade, R. J., & Pinazo-Bandera, J. (2026) · Current Hepatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11901-026-00733-x
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Stephens, C., Robles-Diaz, M., Medina-Caliz, I., Garcia-Cortes, M., Ortega-Alonso, A., Sanabria-Cabrera, J., Gonzalez-Jimenez, A., Alvarez-Alvarez, I., Slim, M., Jimenez-Perez, M., Gonzalez-Grande, R., Fernández, M. C., Casado, M., Soriano, G., Román, E., Hallal, H., Romero-Gomez, M., Castiella, A., Conde, I., Prieto, M., Moreno-Planas, J. M., Giraldez, A., Moreno-Sanfiel, J. M., Kaplowitz, N., Lucena, M. I., Andrade, R. J., Andrade, R. J., Lucena, M. I., Stephens, C., Cortés, M. G., Robles-Díaz, M., Ortega-Alonso, A., Pinazo, J., Muñoz, B. G., Alcántara, R., Hernández, A., Escaño, M. D. G., del Campo, E., Medina-Cáliz, I., Sanabria-Cabrera, J., González-Jiménez, A., Sanjuán-Jiménez, R., Cueto, A., Álvarez-Álvarez, I., Bonilla, E., Di Zeo, D., Niu, H., Villanueva, M., Papineau, A., Pérez, M. J., Grande, R. G., Ortega, S. L., Santaella, I., Ocaña, A., Palomino, P., Fernández, M. C., Peláez, G., Porcel, A., Casado, M., Sánchez, M. G., Romero-Gómez, M., Millán-Domínguez, R., Fombuena, B., Gallego, R., Ampuero, J., Campo, J. A. D., Calle-Sanz, R., Rojas, L., Rojas, A., Gómez, A. G., Vilar, E., Soriano, G., Guarner, C., Román, E. M., Manuitt, M. A. Q., Arbos, R. M. A., Delgado, J. S., Gómez, M. V., Hallal, H., Oltra, E. G., Arcos, J. C. T., Martínez, A. P., Cobarro, C. S., Caparrós, J. M. E., Castiella, A., Zapata, E., Arenas, J., García, A. G., Esandi, F. J., Blanco, S., Odriozola, P. M., Crespo, J., Iruzubieta, P., Cabezas, J., Gallego, A. G., Rodríguez Seguel, E. D. P., Cuaresma, M., Gallego, J. G., Jorquera, F., Campos, S. S., Otazua, P., de Juan Gómez, A., Salmerón, J., Gila, A., Quiles, R., González, J. M., Lorenzo, S., Prieto, M., Amiel, I. C., Berenguer, M., García-Eliz, M., Primo, J., Molés, J. R., Garayoa, A., Carrascosa, M., Domínguez, E. G., Cuevas, L., Farré, M., Montané, E., Barriocanal, A. M., Arellano, A. L., Sanz, Y., Morillas, R. M., Sala, M., Ridaura, H. M., Bruguera, M., Gines, P., Lens, S., García, J. C., Mariño, Z., Guerra, M. H., Sanfiel, J. M. M., Fernández del Campo, C. B., Tejedor, M., Ferrer, R. G., Fernández, C., Gil, M. F., Montero, J. L., Mata, M. D. L., Olmo, J. F., Bonilla, E. M. F., Moreno, J. M., Martínez-Rodenas, P., Garrido, M., Oliva, C., Rendón, P., Samaniego, J. G., Madejón, A., Calleja, J. L., Porras, J. L. M., Cabriada, J. L., Pérez-Moreno, J. M., & Lara, C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Hepatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-07
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 86-97
- ISSN
- 0168-8278
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 5
- Language
- en
- Licence
- Funders
- Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras
- Junta de Andalucia Consejería de Salud
- European Regional Development Fund
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI-0274-2016, PI19/00883, PI-0310-2018, PT17/0017/0020, PI-0285-2016, PI18/00901, PI18/01804, PI16/01748, CM17/00243, JR16/00015, B-0002-2019)
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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