Hepato-renal toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) seed extracts in rats
Open accessAbstract
Myristica fragrans is used in many parts of the world as a common spice and herbal medicine for managing a wide variety of ailments. The rich nutritional factors in M. fragrans seeds show potential application in food biofortification; however, the long-term safety of using a high dose of the seeds needs to be validated. This study seeks to investigate how oral administration of high doses of methanol (ME) and n-hexane (NHE) extracts of M. fragrans seed for one or two weeks affects the histology and serum markers of kidney and liver of rats. Adult male Swiss mice (6–7 weeks, 20–30 g) were used for acute toxicity study by standard methods, while male Wistar rats (6–8 weeks, 100–120 g) were used for sub-acute toxicity test. The sixty rats were distributed into five groups of 12 rats each: Group 1 received normal saline, groups 2 and 3 were orally treated with 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w/day ME while groups 4 and 5 were fed 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w/day NHE, respectively for 14 days. Six rats from each group were sacrificed on days 8 and 15 after 24 h of fasting. Markers of kidney and liver status of test and control animals were compared using one-way analysis of variance. The presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, steroids, and tannins were detected in both extracts, although at varying levels. There was no obvious sign of toxicity nor mortality in acute toxicity test after 24 h of administration of extracts up to 5000 mg/kg b.w. However, there were significant (p < 0.5) elevations in urea, total bilirubin and creatinine concentrations, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, and lactate dehydrogenase activities in rats fed extracts for seven or fourteen days relative to control. Furthermore, the n-hexane extract at 1000 mg/kg elicited some histological changes consistent with hepatotoxicity. Although the extracts were rich in some essential phytochemicals, this study demonstrated that long-term administration of high doses of the extracts elicits hepato-renal toxicities. Hence, consuming a large amount of the seed over a long duration is discouraged.
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Myristica fragrans improves memory deficit.
“Improves memory deficit”
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- Authors
- Anaduaka, E. G., Okagu, I. U., Uchendu, N. O., Ezeanyika, L. U. S., & Nwanguma, B. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Nigeria (NG)
- Corresponding author
- Okagu, Innocent Uzochukwu
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of King Saud University - Science
- Publisher
- Scientific Scholar
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 101694
- ISSN
- 1018-3647 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3213476299
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 0.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of King Saud University - Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant Toxicity and Pharmacological Properties
- Keywords
- nutmeg seed extract, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, subacute toxicity, liver enzymes, renal function markers, methanol extract, hexane extract, phytochemicals, herbal medicine safety
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