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Cited by 30Essential Oils and Antimicrobial ActivityMedicinal Plant ResearchAntimicrobial agents and applications

In vitro antimicrobial potency of Elettaria cardamomum ethanolic extract against multidrug resistant of food poisoning bacterial strains

Open access
Yassin, Mohamed Taha, Abdel-Fattah Mostafa, Ashraf, Al-Askar, Abdulaziz Abdulrahman, Alkhelaif, Abdulrahman S.·2022·Journal of King Saud University - Science
DOI 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102167
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Abstract

The antimicrobial resistance of food poisoning strains is considered a public health burden contributing to high mortality and morbidity rates globally. Furthermore, the severe side effects of chemotherapy represent a serious issue which necessitates finding safe sources for anticancer agents for adjuvant therapy to decrease harmful impact of chemotherapeutic drugs. Hence, the current study is conducted to evaluate the antibacterial efficiency of Elettaria cardamomum against multidrug resistant strains causing food poisoning outbreaks. The resistance profile of the tested food poisoning bacterial pathogens was evaluated using disk diffusion assay. Moreover, the antibacterial efficiency of E. cardamomum solvent extracts was achieved using disk diffusion assay to determine the efficiency of these extracts against multidrug resistant strains. Cytotoxicity assay was achieved to assess the antiproliferative efficiency of Elettaria cardamomum solvent extracts against MCF7 breast cancer cell line. Methicillin resistant- Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain exhibited resistance to all tested antibiotics except norfloxacin while E. coli strain showed susceptibility to all antibiotics used in the study. Furthermore, P. aeruginosa showed resistance to cefotaxime, trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole, cefixime, ceftriaxone and cefaclor antibiotics while it was sensitive to norfloxacin antibiotic. In addition, S. aureus strain expressed resistance to cefatziodime, cefixime and ceftriaxone antibiotics. The ethanolic extract of Elettaria cardamomum showed the highest antibacterial activity against the concerned food poisoning bacterial strains recording zone diameters ranged from 11.91 ± 0.17 mm to 26.81 ± 0.24 mm. The ethanolic extract of Elettaria cardamomum showed MIC values of 0.25 and 0.50 mg/disc against S. aureus and E. coli strains recording inhibition zone diameters of 16.83 ± 0.14 and 12.34 ± 0.18 mm respectively. GC–MS analysis revealed that α-terpinyl acetate, 1,8-cineole and β‑pinene were the main phytochemical components of the Elettaria cardamomum ethanolic extract recording percentages of 41.24%, 28.14% and 5.98% respectively. In conclusion, the potent efficiency of E. cardamomum ethanolic extract against the tested food poisoning strains supports utilizing these extracts in bioformulation of safe and effective food preservatives avoiding side effects of chemical preservatives and controlling the problem of antibiotic resistance.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The ethanolic extract of *Elettaria cardamomum* showed the strongest in vitro antibacterial activity against several multidrug-resistant food-poisoning bacterial strains, with α-terpinyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, and β-pinene as major components. The study also reports antiproliferative activity of cardamom extracts against the MCF7 breast cancer cell line.

Key findings

  • MRSA was resistant to all tested antibiotics except norfloxacin; *E. coli* was susceptible to all tested antibiotics; *P. aeruginosa* was resistant to cefotaxime, trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole, cefixime, ceftriaxone, and cefaclor but sensitive to norfloxacin; *S. aureus* was resistant to cefatziodime, cefixime, and ceftriaxone; *S. typhimurium* was resistant to ceftriaxone only. All tested pathogens were sensitive to norfloxacin.
  • The ethanolic extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against *S. aureus*, MRSA, *E. coli*, and *P. aeruginosa*, with inhibition zones of 26.81 ± 0.24, 24.34 ± 0.12, 22.48 ± 0.36, and 11.91 ± 0.17 mm, respectively; ethyl acetate extract was most active against *S. typhimurium* at 12.44 ± 0.19 mm, and the aqueous extract showed no activity against *P. aeruginosa*.
  • MIC values for the ethanolic extract were 0.250 mg/disk against *S. aureus* (16.83 ± 0.14 mm) and 0.500 mg/disk against *E. coli* (12.34 ± 0.18 mm); MBC values were 0.500 and 1.000 mg/disk, respectively.
  • GC–MS identified α-terpinyl acetate (41.24%), 1,8-cineole (28.14%), and β-pinene (5.98%) as the main phytochemical components. Cytotoxicity against MCF7 cells was highest for ethyl acetate extract (IC50 114.8 µg/ml) and lowest for aqueous extract (IC50 187.9 µg/ml), with ethanolic and hexanic extracts at IC50 156.9 and 128.2 µg/ml.

Methods

  • Five bacterial strains were tested: MRSA ATCC 43300, *S. aureus* ATCC 29213, *P. aeruginosa* ATCC 9027, *S. typhimurium* ATCC 14023, and *E. coli* ATCC 25922. Antibiotic susceptibility and extract screening used disk diffusion assays; extracts were prepared from *E. cardamomum* seeds using water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane.
  • MIC and MBC were determined for the ethanolic extract against *S. aureus* and *E. coli*. Phytochemical composition was analyzed by GC–MS, and cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay against MCF7 breast cancer cells.
  • Data were analyzed with GraphPad Prism 5.0 using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test; all experiments were performed in triplicates and expressed as mean ± standard error.

Limitations

  • Not stated in the paper. Evident from the text: all antibacterial testing was in vitro, with no in vivo infection model or food matrix challenge.
  • Evident from the text: the study used ATCC reference strains rather than clinical food-poisoning isolates, and MIC/MBC testing was limited to the ethanolic extract against only *S. aureus* and *E. coli*.
  • Evident from the text: cytotoxicity was evaluated only against the MCF7 breast cancer cell line, so broader safety or selectivity against normal cells is not established.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102167

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 11 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The MBC of E. cardamomum ethanolic extract against S. aureus was 0.500 mg/disk.

    “The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of E. cardamomum ethanolic extract against S. aureus and E. coli were 0.500 and 1.000 mg/disk respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The MBC of E. cardamomum ethanolic extract against E. coli was 1.000 mg/disk.

    “The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of E. cardamomum ethanolic extract against S. aureus and E. coli were 0.500 and 1.000 mg/disk respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Results

    S. aureus strain expressed resistance to cefatziodime, cefixime and ceftriaxone antibiotics.

    “In addition, S. aureus strain expressed resistance to cefatziodime, cefixime and ceftriaxone antibiotics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Results

    Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain exhibited resistance to all tested antibiotics except norfloxacin.

    “Methicillin resistant- Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain exhibited resistance to all tested antibiotics except norfloxacin while E. coli strain showed susceptibility to all antibiotics used in the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against the MCF7 cell line with an IC50 of 114.8 μg/ml.

    “The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against MCF7 cell line while the aqueous extract showed the lowest cytotoxicity with IC50 of 114.8 and 187.9 µg/ml respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 14
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The ethanolic extract of E. cardamomum showed the highest antibacterial proficiency against S. aureus, MRSA, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, recording inhibition zone diameters of 26.81 ± 0.24, 24.34 ± 0.12, 22.48 ± 0.36 and 11.91 ± 0.17 mm respectively.

    “The ethanolic extract of E. cardamomum showed the highest antibacterial proficiency against S. aureus, MRSA, E. coli and P. aeruginosa recording inhibition zone diameters of 26.81 ± 0.24, 24.34 ± 0.12, 22.48 ± 0.36 and 11.91 ± 0.17 mm respectively”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Results

    P. aeruginosa showed resistance to cefotaxime, trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole, cefixime, ceftriaxone and cefaclor antibiotics while it was sensitive to norfloxacin antibiotic.

    “Furthermore, P. aeruginosa showed resistance to cefotaxime, trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole, cefixime, ceftriaxone and cefaclor antibiotics while it was sensitive to norfloxacin antibiotic.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Results

    S. aureus strain exhibited the highest susceptibility to E. cardamomum ethanolic extract with an MIC value of 0.250 mg/disk, demonstrating an inhibition zone diameter of 16.83 ± 0.14 mm.

    “The ethanolic extract of Elettaria cardamomum showed MIC values of 0.25 and 0.50 mg/disc against S. aureus and E. coli strains recording inhibition zone diameters of 16.83 ± 0.14 and 12.34 ± 0.18 mm respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The aqueous extract demonstrated the highest productivity yield followed by ethanol, n-Hexane and ethyl acetate solvents, recording yield productivity of 9.56%, 7.29%, 6.84% and 4.13% respectively.

    “The aqueous extract demonstrated the highest productivity yield followed by ethanol, n-Hexane and ethyl acetate solvents recording yield productivity of 9.56%, 7.29%, 6.84% and 4.13% respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The MIC value of E. cardamomum ethanolic extract against E. coli was 0.500 mg/disk, with a suppressive zone diameter of 12.34 ± 0.18 mm.

    “On the other hand, MIC value of E. cardamomum ethanolic extract was 0.500 mg/disk with suppressive zone diameter of 12.34 ± 0.18 mm as seen in Table 3.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 4 Discussion

    The minimum inhibitory concentrations of E. cardamomum ethanolic extract were 0.250 mg/disk against S. aureus and 0.500 mg/disk against E. coli, with clear zone diameters of 16.83 ± 0.14 mm and 12.34 ± 0.18 mm, respectively.

    “Minimum inhibitory concentrations of E. cardamomum ethanolic extract were 0.250 and 0.500 mg/disk against S. aureus and E. coli strains recording clear zone diameters of 16.83 ± 0.14 and 12.34 ± 0.18 mm respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 4 Discussion

    In the current study, the P. aeruginosa strain showed resistance to the tested third-generation cephalosporins while exhibiting intermediate susceptibility to cefatziodime.

    “Similarly, P. aeruginosa strain showed resistance to the third generation cephalosporins tested in the current study while exhibited an intermediate susceptibility to cefatziodime antibiotic.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 4 Discussion

    In the current study, Salmonella typhimurium exhibited resistance to ceftriaxone and intermediate susceptibility to cefatziodime, cefixime, cefotaxime, and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole.

    “Salmonella typhimurium exhibited resistance to ceftriaxone antibiotic while showed an intermediate susceptibility to cefatziodime, cefixime, cefotaxime and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole antibiotics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 4 Discussion

    The ethanolic extract of E. cardamomum was highly efficient against Gram-negative microbes, with suppressive zone widths of 11.91 ± 0.17 mm for P. aeruginosa and 22.48 ± 0.36 mm for E. coli.

    “The ethanolic extract of E. cardamomum was highly efficient against Gram negative microbes, with suppressive zone widths of 11.91 ± 0.17 and 22.48 ± 0.36 mm for P. aeruginosa and E. coli, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 1 Introduction

    The high incidence of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains induced by the overuse of antibiotics makes it difficult to treat food poisoning illness.

    “Consequently, the high incidence of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains induced by the overuse of antibiotics make it difficult to treat food poisoning illness (Ge et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ge et al., 2022

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 5 Conclusion

    Cardamom extracts could be utilized for production of natural, eco-friendly, safe and effective antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic agents owing to their high content of oxygenated monoterpene compounds as demonstrated by GC-MS analysis.

    “Collectively, Cardamom extracts could be utilized for production of natural, eco-friendly, safe and effective antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic agents owing to their high content of oxygenated monoterpene compounds as demonstrated by GC–MS analysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: In vitro antibacterial activity of E. cardamomum extracts predicts their efficacy as food preservatives.
    • Rests on an assumption: E. cardamomum extracts are safe for use in food preservatives and antiproliferative/anticarcinogenic formulations.
    • Rests on an assumption: Cytotoxic or antiproliferative activity against the MCF7 cell line indicates anticarcinogenic potential in humans.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    All experiments were done in triplicates, and the results were expressed as mean of triplicates ± standard error.

    “All experiments were done in triplicates, and the results were expressed as mean of triplicates ± standard error.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Statistical analysis used one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test.

    “GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) was used to analyze the data using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 1 Introduction

    Elettaria cardamomum belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and is commonly known as green or true cardamom.

    “Elettaria cardamomum belongs to Zingiberaceae family and commonly known as green or true cardamom (Ashokkumar et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ashokkumar et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The disc diffusion assay used norfloxacin antibiotic disks as positive controls and blank disks loaded with solvents only as negative controls.

    “Norfloxacin antibiotic disks (10 µg/disk) were used as positive controls while blank disks, loaded with 50 µl of solvents only without the extracts, were used as negative controls.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 1 Introduction

    The use of plant extracts as natural food preservatives has received great attention due to their safety, effectiveness and easy biodegradability.

    “Recently, the use of plant extracts as natural food preservatives has received a great attention due to their safety, effectiveness and easy biodegradability (Jafarzadeh et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jafarzadeh et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 1 Introduction

    Cardamom essential oil and other recorded bioactive ingredients in cardamom capsules contribute to their unique aroma, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical characteristics.

    “The cardamom essential oil and other recorded bioactive ingredients in cardamom capsules contribute to their unique aroma, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical characteristics (Ozdal et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ozdal et al., 2021

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 4 Discussion

    The major monoterpene component in E. cardamomum extract is terpinyl acetate, which has anticancer properties.

    “The major monoterpene component in E. cardamomum extract is terpinyl acetate, which has been shown to have anticancer properties (Chowdhury and Kumar 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chowdhury and Kumar 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Antibiotic sensitivity results were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2003) criteria.

    “The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 hrs and sensitivity results were interpreted as stated by the clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI 2003) to detect the resistance profile of different tested strains.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites CLSI 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 4 Discussion

    The antibacterial activity of oxygenated monoterpenes is mediated by their penetration into the fatty acid acyl chains of membrane lipid bilayers, disrupting cell membrane permeability and fluidity.

    “The antibacterial activity of oxygenated monoterpenes was previously reported to be mediated by their penetration into the fatty acid acyl chains of membrane lipid bilayers, which disrupted cell membrane permeability and fluidity (Tsuchiya 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tsuchiya 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The effective compounds of the E. cardamomum ethanolic extract were identified by matching GC-MS results with spectral mass data and retention times of the NIST library.

    “The effective compounds of the E. cardamomum ethanolic extract were identified by matching GC–MS results with spectral mass data and retention times of the NIST library.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § 1 Introduction

    Plant extracts are a potential source of antimicrobial agents owing to their constituents of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins.

    “Plant extracts were reported to be potential source of antimicrobial agents owing to their constituents of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins (Yassin et al., 2021; Yassin et al., 2022a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Yassin et al., 2021

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Yassin et al., 2022a

      Not checked in the free run.

22 of 22

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Few studies have been performed on the antimicrobial activity of cardamom extracts against multidrug resistant microbes that cause food poisoning illness.

    “Few studies were performed on the antimicrobial activity of cardamom extracts against multidrug resistant microbes that cause food poisoning illness.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In vitro antibacterial activity of E. cardamomum extracts predicts their efficacy as food preservatives.

    “The remarkable efficacy of E. cardamomum extracts against several etiological agents of food poisoning illness demonstrates the potential for employing these extracts in the bioformulation of safe and potentially efficient food preservatives.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    E. cardamomum extracts are safe for use in food preservatives and antiproliferative/anticarcinogenic formulations.

    “Collectively, Cardamom extracts could be utilized for production of natural, eco-friendly, safe and effective antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic agents owing to their high content of oxygenated monoterpene compounds as demonstrated by GC–MS analysis.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cytotoxic or antiproliferative activity against the MCF7 cell line indicates anticarcinogenic potential in humans.

    “Moreover, the ethyl acetate of E. cardamomum extract showed the highest antiproliferative efficiency against MCF7 cell line indicating the bioeffieicny of these extracts in formulation of safe and natural antiproliferative agents.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Linalyl acetate percentage differs between text and table

    Minor

    The text reports linalyl acetate as 2.78%, whereas Table 4 reports 2.87%.

  • β-pinene is called oxygenated despite its listed formula

    Minor

    The discussion includes β-pinene among three oxygenated monoterpenes, but Table 4 gives its formula as C10H16, which contains no oxygen.

  • MIC doses use conflicting units

    Minor

    The methods specify the amounts loaded onto disks in mg/ml, while Table 3 reports the same dose series in mg/disc. These units are not interchangeable without a loading volume.

  • Aqueous extract is called both least and most cytotoxic

    Minor

    The results identify the aqueous extract as the least cytotoxic against MCF7 cells, but the discussion calls it the most cytotoxic. This reverses a conclusion about extract activity.

  • MRSA is described as resistant to an antibiotic classified as intermediate

    Minor

    The results say MRSA resisted every tested antibiotic except norfloxacin, but Table 2 classifies its response to trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole as intermediate, not resistant.

5 of 5

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Frieri, 2017, Antibiotic resistance. J. Infect, Public Health., 10, 369
  2. Naimi, 2017, Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from patients at two main health facilities in Kabul, Afghanistan. BMC Infect. Dis., 17, 1
  3. Yassin, 2021, In Vitro Evaluation of Biological Activities and Phytochemical Analysis of Different Solvent Extracts of Punica granatum L, (Pomegranate) Peels. Plants, 10, 2742

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Authors
Yassin, M. T., Abdel-Fattah Mostafa, A., Al-Askar, A. A., & Alkhelaif, A. S.
Affiliations
King Saud University (SA)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of King Saud University - Science
Publisher
Scientific Scholar
Published
2022-08
Volume
34
Issue
6
Pages
102167
ISSN
1018-3647 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102167
OpenAlex
W4282982451
Semantic Scholar
22bcf90bb7101d0cf9516e532c7ed0df2c2ccb8b
Cited by
30
References
50
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 4
FWCI
3.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of King Saud University - Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
King Saud University
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
Keywords
cardamom, multidrug resistance, food poisoning bacteria, antibacterial activity, ethanol extract, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, minimum inhibitory concentration, phytochemicals, α-terpinyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, β-pinene, MCF-7 cells, antiproliferative activity, cytotoxicity

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