Bilingual lexical activation in sentence context
Integrity signals
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The languages of an active bilingual are activated simultaneously and influence each other reciprocally.
“the nature of bilingualism is such that the languages of an active bilingual are activated simultaneously (Dijkstra and Van Heuven, 2002; Schwartz and Kroll, 2006) and influence each other reciprocally (Grosjean, 1989; Cook, 1999, 2003; Flege et al., 2003).”
From Plasticity, Variability and Age in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism (2018) · cites this paper as Schwartz and Kroll, 2006
Cites
Marian, V., Spivey, M., & Hirsch, J. (2003) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/s0093-934x(02)00535-7 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
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The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment
KROLL, J. F., VAN HELL, J. G., TOKOWICZ, N., & GREEN, D. W. (2010) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s136672891000009x · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Self-citationLanguage selection in bilingual speech: evidence for inhibitory processes
Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., Misra, M., & Guo, T. (2008) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.02.001 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Effect of language proficiency and executive control on verbal fluency performance in bilinguals
Luo, L., Luk, G., & Bialystok, E. (2010) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.014 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Plasticity, Variability and Age in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism
Birdsong, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00081 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schwartz, A. I., & Kroll, J. F.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at El Paso (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schwartz, Ana I.
- Venue
- Journal of Memory and Language
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-08
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 197-212
- ISSN
- 0749-596X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2138442336
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 4.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Memory and Language (publishedVersion)
- scholarworks - UTEP (The University of Texas at El Paso) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- cognate facilitation, homographs, sentence context, language transfer, lexical competition, Spanish-English bilinguals, language proficiency, bilingualism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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