Shared and separate systems in bilingual language processing: converging evidence from eyetracking and brain imaging
Abstract
The neurological and cognitive aspects of bilingual language processing were examined in late Russian-English bilinguals using headband-mounted eyetracking and functional neuroimaging. A series of three eyetracking studies suggested that, at early stages of word recognition, bilinguals can activate both languages in parallel, even when direct linguistic input is in one language only. A functional neuroimaging study suggested that, although the same general structures are active for both languages, differences within these general structures are present across languages and across levels of processing. For example, different centers of activation were associated with first versus second language processing within the left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, but not within the Superior Temporal Gyrus. We suggest that parallel activation (as found with eyetracking) and shared cortical structures (as found with fMRI) may be characteristic of early stages of language processing (such as phonetic processing), but the two languages may be using separate structures at later stages of processing (such as lexical processing).
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An eye-tracking study found English-Russian bilinguals doing an English task were distracted by a picture with a Russian-phonology name.
“English-Russian bilinguals performing a task in English in which they had to look at the named picture from four alternatives were distracted by a picture whose name shared phonology with Russian”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [57]
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“Left hemisphere: Golestani et al., 2006; Liu, Hu, Guo, & Peng, 2010; Marian et al., 2003; Tatsuno & Sakai, 2005; Videsott et al., 2010; Vingerhoets et al., 2003; Wartenburger et al., 2003; Yetkin et al., 1996.”
BackgroundCervenka, M. C., Boatman‐Reich, D., Ward, J., Franaszczuk, P. J., & Crone, N. E. (2011) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00013 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…have been studied using a variety of techniques including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; Dehaene et al., 1997; Kim et al., 1997; Marian et al., 2003, 2007; Perani et al., 2003; Wartenburger et al., 2003; Cheung et al., 2006; Meschyan and Hernandez, 2006; van Heuven et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodBilingual memory, to the extreme: Lexical processing in simultaneous interpreters
Santilli, M., Vilas, M. G., Mikulan, E. P., Caro, M. M., Muñoz, E., Sedeño, L., Ibáñez, A., & García, A. (2018) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728918000378 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Crane, P. K., Gruhl, J., Erosheva, E. A., Gibbons, L. E., McCurry, S. M., Rhoads, K., Nguyen, V., Arani, K., Masaki, K., & White, L. R. (2010) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbq046 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Trenkic, D., Mirkovic, J., & Altmann, G. (2013) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728913000321 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Neural basis of single‐word reading in Spanish–English bilinguals
Jamal, N. I., Piche, A. W., Napoliello, E. M., Perfetti, C. A., & Eden, G. F. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21208 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Consequences of multilingualism for neural architecture
Hayakawa, S. L., & Marian, V. (2019) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-019-0157-z · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Hofweber, J. E., Marinis, T., & Treffers‐Daller, J. (2020) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728919000804 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mishra, R., & Singh, N. (2014) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-013-9436-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“For example, Russian-English high proficient bilinguals have been shown to activate word form level competitors i.e. ‘marka’ in Russian and ‘marker’ in English while listening to either one of them (Marian et al., 2003).”
BackgroundThe Perception of Second Language Sounds in Early Bilinguals: New Evidence From an Implicit Measure.
Navarra, J., Sebastián‐Gallés, N., & Soto‐Faraco, S. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.5.912 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“That is, according to some authors, bilingual individuals may engage in different modes of language processing, switching on and off one of the languages as a function of several factors, for example, context (see Grosjean, 1998a, 1998b, 2001; but see also Marian, Spivey, & Hirsch, 2003; Spivey & Marian, 2003, for dif…”
BackgroundNeural consequences of bilingualism for cortical and subcortical function
Krizman, J., & Marian, V. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107447257.027 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Marian, V., Shildkrot, Y., Blumenfeld, H. K., Kaushanskaya, M., Faroqi‐Shah, Y., & Hirsch, J. (2007) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390600659376 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“A summary description of a subset of these data appears in Marian, Spivey, and Hirsch (2003) prepared for the International Conference on Neurological Bases of Language at the University of Groningen, Netherlands.”
Leal, T., Rothman, J., & Slabakova, R. (2014) · Language Acquisition · doi:10.1080/10489223.2014.892946 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Language control abilities of late bilinguals
Festman, J. (2011) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728911000344 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lexical Competition in Nonnative Speech Comprehension
FitzPatrick, I., & Indefrey, P. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21301 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Two sources for this enhanced competition have been postulated: (1) due to less efficient phonological processing and/or confusable phonemes between languages, bilinguals may experience greater competition from intralingual lexical candidates (e.g., Broersma, 2005; Weber & Cutler, 2004), and (2) shared lexical storage…”
InfluentialNeural networks for short-term memory for order differentiate high and low proficiency bilinguals
Majerus, S., Belayachi, S., Smedt, B. D., Leclercq, A., Martinez, T., Schmidt, C., Weekes, B., & Maquet, P. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.06.003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“For example, Kovelman et al. (2008) observed that Spanish–English bilinguals showed greater recruitment of the left inferior frontal cortex (area 45; x = −48, y = 38, z = − 4) when judging English sentences, relative to monolingual English speakers; this region was very close to the left orbito-frontal cortex differen…”
BackgroundInfluentialNeural basis of first and second language processing of sentence‐level linguistic prosody
Gandour, J. T., Tong, Y., Talavage, T. M., Wong, D., Džemidžić, M., Xu, Y., Li, X., & Lowe, M. J. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20255 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Functional neuroimaging data (functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI; positron emission tomography, PET) reveal that the second language (L2) is largely processed in the same brain regions as the first language (L1), but also to some degree in different brain regions from L1 [Briellmann et al., 2004; Callan et al…”
Khare, V., Verma, A., Kar, B. R., Srinivasan, N., & Brysbaert, M. (2012) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-012-0466-4 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effects of Bilingualism on Cognitive and Linguistic Performance across the Lifespan
Bialystok, E. (2009) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-91596-8_4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A longitudinal investigation of structural brain changes during second language learning
Legault, J., Grant, A. M., Fang, S.-Y., & Li, P. (2019) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2019.104661 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Second language immersion impacts native language lexical production and comprehension
Botezatu, M. R., Kroll, J. F., Trachsel, M. I., & Guo, T. (2020) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.19059.bot · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Metalinguistic Ability in Bilingual Children: The Role of Executive Control.
Friesen, D. C., & Bialystok, E. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Kraus, N. (2021) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/13606.001.0001 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kühne, K., & Gianelli, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00108 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
FUNDAMENTAL AND GRADIENT DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Herschensohn, J. (2009) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263109090305 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Discourse-sensitive clitic-doubled dislocations in heritage Spanish
Leal, T., Rothman, J., & Slabakova, R. (2014) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2014.01.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“In a series of psycholinguistic experiments involving diverse methodologies, including eye tracking and brain imaging, Marian and colleagues (Spivey and Marian, 1999; Marian et al., 2003) present evidence that dual language activation in bilinguals causes languages to compete.”
BackgroundLanguage Disorders in Multilingual and Multicultural Populations
Goral, M., & Conner, P. S. (2013) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s026719051300010x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mishra, R., & Singh, N. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2016.1146725 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“However, Marian et al. (2003) found another group of highly proficient Russian–English bilinguals activated between-language phonologi-”
BackgroundResultInfluentialApfelbaum, K. S., Klein‐Packard, J., & McMurray, B. (2021) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2021.104279 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Metaphorical language processing and amygdala activation in L1 and L2
CITRON, F. M. M., Michaelis, N., & Goldberg, A. E. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107381 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Raynolds, L. B., & Uhry, J. K. (2009) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-009-9169-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Alferink, I., & Gullberg, M. (2013) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s136672891300028x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cognitive advantages of immersion education after 1 year: Effects of amount of exposure
Purić, D., Vuksanović, J., & Chondrogianni, V. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.02.011 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“In our study, we analyzed three components of EFs as described by Miyake et al. (2000): WM, inhibition, and shifting.”
MethodBilingual Cortical Control of Between- and Within-Language Competition
Marian, V., Bartolotti, J., Rochanavibhata, S., Bradley, K. A. L., & Hernandez, A. E. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12116-w · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Buchweitz, A., Mason, R. A., Hasegawa, M., & Just, M. A. (2009) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728908003970 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Brain imaging studies of bilinguals have been carried out on the cortical representation of different language-pairs (Kim, Relkin, Lee and Hirsch, 1997); on bilingual auditory sentence comprehension (Hasegawa, Carpenter and Just, 2002); bilingual reading comprehension (Meschyan and Hernandez, 2006); and on bilingual p…”
BackgroundCoello, A. F., Havas, V., Juncadella, M., Sierpowska, J., Rodríguez‐Fornells, A., & Gabarrós, A. (2016) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2016.5.jns152791 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Learning words in a third language: Effects of vowel inventory and language proficiency
Escudero, P., Broersma, M., & Simon, E. (2012) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690965.2012.662279 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“This means that when non-native listeners listen to their L2, words from their L1 are also activated in the mental lexicon (Schulpen, Dijkstra, Schriefers, & Hasper, 2003 ; Marian, Spivey, & Hirsch, 2003 ; Weber & Cutler, 2004 ).”
Background
- Authors
- Marian, V., Spivey, M., & Hirsch, J.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Marian, Viorica
- Venue
- Brain and Language
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 70-82
- ISSN
- 0093-934X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2137878155
- Cited by
- 302
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain and Language (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh019389-10)
- National Institute of Mental Health (5T32MH019389-09)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- bilingual language processing, Russian-English bilinguals, parallel activation, word recognition, phonetic processing, lexical processing, inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, levels of processing
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Cognition, Eye Movements, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Speech Perception, Multilingualism
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