Why tests appear to prevent forgetting: A distribution-based bifurcation model

Cited by (277)

Items 101–200 of 277

1. Metacognitive monitoring during criterion learning: When and why are judgments accurate?
   Mary A. Pyc, Katherine A. Rawson, Andrew J. Aschenbrenner · 2014 · Memory & Cognition
2. How do tests and summary writing tasks enhance long-term retention of students with different levels of test anxiety?
   Wilson Shun Yin Mok, Winnie Wai Lan Chan · 2016 · Instructional Science
3. The Forward Testing Effect is Reliable and Independent of Learners’ Working Memory Capacity
   Bernhard Pastötter, Christian Frings · 2019 · Journal of Cognition
4. Sleep bolsters schematically incongruent memories
   Ashton, Jennifer E., Staresina, Bernhard P., Cairney, Scott A. · 2022 · PLoS ONE
5. The Testing Effect and Far Transfer: The Role of Exposure to Key Information
   Gerdien G. van Eersel, Peter P. J. L. Verkoeijen, Migle Povilenaite, Remy M. J. P. Rikers · 2016 · Frontiers in Psychology
6. Predicting Visuospatial and Verbal Working Memory by Individual Differences in E-Learning Activities
   Daniel Fellman, Alisa Lincke, Elias Berge, Bert Jonsson · 2020 · Frontiers in Education
7. Learning to recall: Examining recall latencies to test an intra-item learning theory of testing effects
   W. Hopper, D. Huber · 2018 · Journal of Memory and Language
8. Reversing the testing effect by feedback is a matter of performance criterion at practice
   Mihály Racsmány, Ágnes Szöllősi, Miklós Marián · 2020 · Memory & Cognition
9. Putting action memory to the test: testing affects subsequent restudy but not long-term forgetting of action events
   Veit Kubik, Jonas Olofsson, Lars‐Göran Nilsson, Fredrik U. Jönsson · 2015 · Journal of Cognitive Psychology
10. Testing emotional memories: does negative emotional significance influence the benefit received from testing?
    Kathrin J. Emmerdinger, Christof Kuhbandner, Franziska Berchtold · 2017 · Cognition & Emotion
11. Retrieval enhances route knowledge acquisition, but only when movement errors are prevented.
    Jonathan W. Kelly, Shana K. Carpenter, Lori Ann Sjolund · 2015 · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition
12. Optimising word learning in post-secondary students with Developmental Language Disorder: The roles of retrieval difficulty and retrieval success during training
    Katherine R. Gordon, Karla Kay McGregor, Timothy Arbisi‐Kelm · 2020 · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
13. Does difficulty moderate learning? A comparative analysis of the desirable difficulties framework and cognitive load theory
    Pyke, Wesley, Lunau, Johan, Javadi, Amir-Homayoun · 2025 · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
14. The negative testing and negative generation effects are eliminated by delay.
    Neil W. Mulligan, Daniel J. Peterson · 2014 · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition
15. Diminishing-cues retrieval practice: A memory-enhancing technique that works when regular testing doesn’t
    Joshua L. Fiechter, Aaron S. Benjamin · 2017 · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
16. Techniques for scaffolding retrieval practice: The costs and benefits of adaptive versus diminishing cues
    Joshua L. Fiechter, Aaron S. Benjamin · 2019 · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
17. Vocabulary Learning During Reading: Benefits of Contextual Inferences Versus Retrieval Opportunities
    Gesa S. E. van den Broek, Eva Wesseling, Linske Huijssen, Maj Lettink, Tamara van Gog · 2022 · Cognitive Science
18. The two processes underlying the testing effect– Evidence from Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)
    Xiaonan L. Liu, Deborah H. Tan, Lynne M. Reder · 2018 · Neuropsychologia
19. Remind me of the context: Memory and metacognition at restudy
    Katarzyna Zawadzka, Nicola J. Simkiss, Maciej Hanczakowski · 2018 · Journal of Memory and Language
20. Motivation brought to the test: Successful retrieval practice is modulated by mastery goal orientation and external rewards
    Tino Endres, Alexander Eitel · 2023 · Applied Cognitive Psychology
21. Repeated Testing, Item Selection, and Relearning
    Mario de Jonge, Huib Karel Tabbers · 2013 · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie)
22. Can the Testing Effect for General Knowledge Facts Be Influenced by Distraction due to Divided Attention or Experimentally Induced Anxious Mood?
    Chi‐Shing Tse, Meingold Hiu-ming Chan, Wai-Shing Tse, Savio W.H. Wong · 2019 · Frontiers in Psychology
23. Retrieval practice of a hierarchical principle structure in university introductory physics: Making stronger students
    Vegard Gjerde, Bodil Holst, Stein Dankert Kolstø · 2020 · Physical Review Physics Education Research
24. Do Individual Differences in Cognition and Personality Predict Retrieval Practice Activities on MOOCs?
    Daniel Fellman, Alisa Lincke, Bert Jonsson · 2020 · Frontiers in Psychology
25. Integrating effective learning strategies in basic physics lectures: A thematic analysis
    Vegard Gjerde, Bodil Holst, Stein Dankert Kolstø · 2021 · Physical Review Physics Education Research
26. Specific questions during retrieval practice are better for texts containing seductive details
    Alexander Eitel, Tino Endres, Alexander Renkl · 2022 · Applied Cognitive Psychology
27. Stimulating breadth and depth of vocabulary via repeated storybook readings or tests
    Carmen M. P. Damhuis, Eliane Segers, Ludo T. W. Verhoeven · 2014 · School Effectiveness and School Improvement
28. A specific benefit of retrieval-based concept mapping to enhance learning from texts
    Juana María Ortega Tudela, M. Teresa Lechuga, Carlos J. Gómez‐Ariza · 2018 · Instructional Science
29. Top-down constraint on recognition memory
    Justin Kantner, D. Stephen Lindsay · 2012 · Memory & Cognition
30. Testing and transfer: Retrieval practice effects across test formats in English vocabulary learning in school
    Jonathan Barenberg, T. Berse, L. Reimann, S. Dutke · 2021 · Applied Cognitive Psychology
31. Problem solving in basic physics: Effective self-explanations based on four elements with support from retrieval practice
    Vegard Gjerde, Vegard Havre Paulsen, Bodil Holst, Stein Dankert Kolstø · 2022 · Physical Review Physics Education Research
32. The Direct Testing Effect Is Pervasive in Action Memory: Analyses of Recall Accuracy and Recall Speed
    Veit Kubik, Fredrik U. Jönsson, Monika Knopf, Wolfgang Mack · 2018 · Frontiers in Psychology
33. Multimedia effects during retrieval practice: Images that reveal the answer reduce vocabulary learning.
    Gesa S. E. van den Broek, Tamara van Gog, Evelien Jansen, Mirja Pleijsant, Liesbeth Kester A · 2021 · Journal of Educational Psychology
34. Learning psychological research and statistical concepts using retrieval-based practice
    Stephen Wee Hun Lim, Gavin Jun Peng Ng, Gabriel Qi Hao Wong · 2015 · Frontiers in Psychology
35. The role of emotion arousal in the retrieval practice effect
    Xi Jia, Chuanji Gao, Lixia Cui, Chunyan Guo · 2019 · Experimental Brain Research
36. Inhibition in Memory
    Jeroen G. W. Raaijmakers · 2018 · Wiley eBooks
37. Neural activations associated with feedback and retrieval success.
    Wiklund-Hörnqvist, Carola, Andersson, Micael, Jonsson, Bert, Nyberg, Lars · 2017 · npj Science of Learning
38. The replicability of the negative testing effect: differences across participant populations
    Mulligan, Neil W., Rawson, Katherine A., Peterson, Daniel J., Wissman, Kathryn T. · 2018 · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition
39. The costs and benefits of testing and guessing on recognition memory.
    Mark J. Huff, David A. Balota, Keith A. Hutchison · 2016 · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition
40. The Forward Testing Effect is Immune to Acute Psychosocial Encoding/Retrieval Stress
    Bernhard Pastötter, Bernadette von Dawans, Gregor Domes, Christian Frings · 2020 · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie)
41. Interaction between the testing and forward testing effects in the case of Cued-Recall: Implications for Theory, individual difference Studies, and application
    Mohan W. Gupta, Steven C. Pan, Timothy Charles Rickard · 2023 · Journal of Memory and Language
42. A complementary learning systems model of how sleep moderates retrieval practice effects
    Xiaonan L. Liu, Charan Ranganath A, Randall C. O’Reilly · 2024 · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
43. Between-list lag effects in recall depend on retention interval
    Mary A. Pyc, David A. Balota, Kathleen B. McDermott, Tim Tully, Henry Lederer Roediger III · 2014 · Memory & Cognition
44. Neurophysiological evidence for the retrieval practice effect under emotional context
    Xi Jia, Chuanji Gao, Lixia Cui, Chunyan Guo · 2019 · International Journal of Psychophysiology
45. Where and how to learn: The interactive benefits of contextual variation, restudying, and retrieval practice for learning
    Megan N. Imundo, Steven C. Pan, Elizabeth Ligon Bjork, Robert A. Bjork · 2020 · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
46. Voluntary E-Learning Exercises Support Students in Mastering Statistics
    Jakob Schwerter, Taiga Brahm · 2024 · Technology Knowledge and Learning
47. A scoping review of research on individual differences in the testing effect paradigm
    Rachel N. Smith-Peirce, Andrew C. Butler · 2024 · Learning and Individual Differences
48. Optimal Learning Under Time Constraints: Empirical and Simulated Trade‐offs Between Depth and Breadth of Study
    Brendan A. Schuetze, Veronica X. Yan · 2022 · Cognitive Science
49. Brain-based teaching
    Katherine Diana Perez · 2011
50. Retrieval practice plus feedback benefits a third language vocabulary learning
    Jiaxin Li, Er-Hu Zhang, Haihui Zhang, Hecui Gou, Hong-Wen Cao · 2022 · International Journal of Multilingualism
51. Remembering and forgetting information about the COVID-19 vaccine on Twitter
    Ezgi Bilgin, Qi Wang · 2022 · Memory
52. Guessing can benefit memory for related word pairs even when feedback is delayed
    Katarzyna Zawadzka, Oliwia Zaborowska, Ewa Butowska, Krzysztof Piątkowski, Maciej Hanczakowski · 2023 · Memory & Cognition
53. Feedback at Test Can Reverse the Retrieval-Effort Effect
    Oliver Kliegl, Robert A. Bjork, Karl‐Heinz T. Bäuml · 2019 · Frontiers in Psychology
54. Cognitive perspectives on maintaining physicians’ medical expertise: IV. Best practices and open questions in using testing to enhance learning and retention
    Scott H. Fraundorf, Zachary A. Caddick, Timothy J. Nokes‐Malach, Benjamin Margolin Rottman · 2023 · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications
55. Study for now, but judge for later: Delayed judgments of learning promote long‐term retention
    Max Larsson Sundqvist, Ivo Todorov, Veit Kubik, Fredrik U. Jönsson · 2012 · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
56. All of the above: When multiple correct response options enhance the testing effect
    Anthony J. Bishara, Lauren A. Lanzo · 2014 · Memory
57. Exploring the effect of testing on forgetting in vocabulary learning: an examination of the bifurcation model
    Daria Mundt, Roman Abel, Martin Hänze · 2020 · Journal of Cognitive Psychology
58. Der Testungseffekt beim Lernen mit Texten
    Ralf Rummer · 2021 · Psychologische Rundschau
59. Retrieval Practice in Stepwise Worked Examples Improves Learning
    Gesa S. E. van den Broek, Margot van Wermeskerken, Tamara van Gog · 2025 · Learning and Instruction
60. Retrieval-induced forgetting with novel visual stimuli is retrieval-specific and strength- independent
    Oscar Kovacs, Irina M. Harris · 2022 · Memory
61. Abrufeffekte im Gedächtnis: Ein Überblick zur aktuellen Grundlagenforschung
    Tobias Tempel, Bernhard Pastötter · 2021 · Psychologische Rundschau
62. Retrieval Practice Effects in a Psychology Lecture: Illustrating the Relevance of Study Design, Item Difficulty, and Selection of Dependent Measures
    Jonathan Barenberg, Stephan Dutke · 2021 · Psychology Learning & Teaching
63. Improving second language vocabulary learning and retention by leveraging memory enhancement techniques: A multidomain pedagogical approach
    Nur Başak Karataş, Oya Özemir, Jarrett T. Lovelett, Bora Demir, Kemal Erkol, João Veríssimo, Gülcan Erçetin, Michael T. Ullman · 2021 · Language Teaching Research
64. Timing of feedback and retrieval practice: a laboratory study with EFL students
    Sameer Aljabri · 2024 · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
65. Progressive retrieval practice leads to greater memory for image-word pairs than standard retrieval practice
    Shaohang Liu, Zihao Zheng, Christopher D. Kent, Josie Briscoe · 2022 · Memory
66. Retrieval‐based learning in special education
    Tobias Tempel, Sebastian Sollich · 2023 · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs
67. On testing the strength independence assumption in retrieval-induced forgetting
    Jeroen G. W. Raaijmakers · 2016 · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
68. Retrieval Practice Fails to Insulate Episodic Memories against Interference after Stroke
    Bernhard Pastötter, Hanna Eberle, Ingo Aue, Karl‐Heinz T. Bäuml · 2017 · Frontiers in Psychology
69. Extension of the dual-memory model of test-enhanced learning to distributions and individual differences
    Timothy Charles Rickard · 2020 · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
70. Prior episodic learning and the efficacy of retrieval practice
    Mohan W. Gupta, Steven C. Pan, Timothy Charles Rickard · 2021 · Memory & Cognition
71. The effects of mnemonic variability and spacing on memory over multiple timescales
    Emily T. Cowan, Yiwen Zhang, Benjamin Margolin Rottman, Vishnu P. Murty · 2024 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
72. Effects of individualized word retrieval in kindergarten vocabulary intervention
    Carmen M. P. Damhuis, E. Segers, F. Scheltinga, L. Verhoeven · 2016 · School Effectiveness and School Improvement
73. Using quizzes to assess and enhance learning of English as a foreign language
    María Manzano, Carmen Diego, Alfredo Fernández-Sánchez · 2017 · Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics
74. Effects of the initial test interval and feedback timing on L2 vocabulary retention
    Lin Guo · 2018 · Language Learning Journal
75. Testing the primary and convergent retrieval model of recall: Recall practice produces faster recall success but also faster recall failure
    William J. Hopper, David E. Huber · 2019 · Memory & Cognition
76. Education and Memory
    Adam L. Putnam, Henry Lederer Roediger III · 2018 · Wiley eBooks
77. Effects of sleep and retrieval practice on verbal paired-associate learning across 12 and 24 hours
    Matthew HC Mak, M. Gareth Gaskell · 2023
78. Retrieval practice reduces relative forgetting over time
    Anna T. Nickl, Karl‐Heinz T. Bäuml · 2023 · Memory
79. Increase in slow frequency and decrease in alpha and beta power during post-learning rest predict long-term memory success
    Dorottya Bencze, Miklós Marián, Ágnes Szöllősi, Péter Simor, Mihály Racsmány · 2024 · Cortex
80. The benefits of elaborative encoding over retrieval practice for associative learning
    Antônio Jaeger, Thuan Henrique Pedrosa Gomes Martins, João Pedro Parreira Rodrigues, Bruno Felipe Barbosa Muniz, Ana Luísa Santiago da Silveira Fonseca, Ariel de Oliveira Gonçalves · 2024 · Memory & Cognition
81. The dual-process perspective and the benefits of retrieval practice in younger and older adults
    Ruth A. Shaffer, K. McDermott · 2022 · Memory
82. Selective restudy can reset recall of forgotten information
    Lukas Trißl, Karl‐Heinz T. Bäuml · 2022 · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
83. Re-examining the testing effect as a learning strategy: the advantage of retrieval practice over concept mapping as a methodological artifact
    Roland Mayrhofer, Christof Kuhbandner, Katja Frischholz · 2023 · Frontiers in Psychology
84. The role of variable retrieval in effective learning
    Ewa Butowska, Paulina Kliś, Katarzyna Zawadzka, Maciej Hanczakowski · 2024 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
85. Time-dependent forgetting and retrieval practice effects in detailed visual long-term memory
    Tom Mercer, Gemma A Jones · 2018 · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
86. Wearable technology for automatizing science-based study strategies: Reinforcing learning through intermittent smartwatch prompting.
    Anne M. Cleary, Katherine L. McNeely-White, Hannah E. Hausman, Jennifer Dawson, Sally Kuhn, Rebecca M. Osborn, Andrew M. Huebert, Matthew G. Rhodes · 2021 · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
87. How visual memory changes with intervening recall
    Deborah H. Tan, Yuhong V. Jiang · 2018 · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
88. The testing effect in general chemistry: effects of repeated testing on student performance across different test modes
    Anna Agripina Prisacari · 2015
89. Reinstating memories’ temporal context at encoding causes Sisyphus-like memory rejuvenation
    Karl‐Heinz T. Bäuml, Sarah R. Meixensperger, Marilena L. Hirsch · 2025 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
90. Effect of feedback type on enhancing subsequent memory: Interaction with initial correctness and confidence level
    Lingwei Wang, Jiongjiong Yang · 2021 · PsyCh Journal
91. The influence of repeated study and repeated testing on the testing effect and the transfer effect over time
    Lingwei Wang, Jiongjiong Yang · 2023 · Memory & Cognition
92. Enhancing peer instruction in physics: Understanding cognitive processes and refining rules
    Vegard Gjerde, Sivert Hagane · 2024 · Physical Review Physics Education Research
93. Retention beyond the threshold: Test-enhanced relearning of forgotten information
    Mario de Jonge, Huib Karel Tabbers, Remy M. J. P. Rikers · 2013 · Journal of Cognitive Psychology
94. The potential and conditional benefits of retrieval practice on learning
    Kevin McLaughlin, Sylvain Coderre · 2015 · Advances in Health Sciences Education
95. Effects of elaborate feedback during practice tests: Costs and benefits of retrieval prompts.
    Gesa S. E. van den Broek, Eliane Segers, Hedderik van Rijn, Atsuko Takashima, Ludo T. W. Verhoeven · 2019 · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied
96. Why Empirical Forgetting Curves Deviate from Actual Forgetting Rates: A Distribution Model of Forgetting
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97. Efecto de la recuperación como modalidad de estudio en estudiantes universitarios
    Alfredo Pineida, Catalina Durán, Marcelo Leiva Bianchi, Constanza Moreno, Pía Muñoz, Cristóbal Oliva · 2018 · Revista de psicología
98. Retrieval-induced remembering and forgetting
    Karl‐Heinz T. Bäuml, Oliver Kliegl · 2024 · Elsevier eBooks
99. Predictive learning as the basis of the testing effect
    Haopeng Chen, Cathy Hauspie, Kate Ergo, Cristian Buc Calderon, Tom Verguts · 2025 · Communications Psychology
100. Does retrieval practice depend on semantic cues? Assessing the fuzzy trace account of the testing effect
     Gerdien G. van Eersel, Peter P. J. L. Verkoeijen, Samantha Bouwmeester, Huib Karel Tabbers, Remy M. J. P. Rikers · 2017 · Journal of Cognitive Psychology