Why tests appear to prevent forgetting: A distribution-based bifurcation model

Kornell, Nate, Bjork, Robert A., Garcia, Michael A.·2011·Journal of Memory and Language
DOI 10.1016/j.jml.2011.04.002

Cited by (277)

Items 201–277 of 277

  1. Using Socrative Student Response System to Learn Phrasal Verbs
    Ruby Vurdien · 2020 · Journal of foreign language education and technology
  2. Is focusing on unknown items while studying a beneficial long-term strategy?
    Nate Kornell, Katrina E. Flanagan · 2014 · Journal of Cognitive Psychology
  3. Differences in Feedback use for Correct and Incorrect Responses
    Christopher M. Kelley, Anne Collins McLaughlin · 2012 · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
  4. Effects of repeated retrieval on long-term retention in a nonverbal learning task in younger children
    Chie Hotta, Hidetsugu Tajika, Ewald Neumann · 2016 · European Journal of Developmental Psychology
  5. Protective effects of testing across misinformation formats in the household scene paradigm
    Rosemary S. Pereverseff, Glen E. Bodner, Mark J. Huff · 2019 · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
  6. Effortful retrieval practice effects in lexical access: a role for semantic competition
    Abhijeet Patra, Hilary J. Traut, Mackenzie J. Stabile, Erica L. Middleton · 2022 · Language Cognition and Neuroscience
  7. Is Covert Retrieval an Effective Learning Strategy? Is It as Effective as Overt Retrieval? Answers from a Meta-Analytic Review
    Yu, Yadi, Zhao, Wenbo, Li, Anran, Shanks, David R., Hu, Xiao, Luo, Liang, Yang, Chunliang · 2025 · Educational Psychology Review
  8. The Learning Benefits of Mastery Quizzing Versus Other Quizzing Methods
    Lauren E. Bates, Sarah J. Myers, Edward L. DeLosh, Matthew G. Rhodes · 2024 · Psychology Learning & Teaching
  9. The impact of working memory testing on long-term associative memory
    Kathy Y. Xie, Patricia A. Reuter‐Lorenz · 2024 · Memory & Cognition
  10. Acquiring an Accurate Mental Model of Human Learning
    Steven C. Pan, Robert A. Bjork · 2024 · Oxford University Press eBooks
  11. Retrieval practice in education for sustainable development: Effects on retention, attitudes, and self‐reported streaming behaviour
    Daria Mundt, Nele Albrecht, Anita Körner, Mirjam Ebersbach · 2024 · European Journal of Education
  12. Acquiring complex concepts through classification versus observation
    Daniel Corral, Shana K. Carpenter · 2024 · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications
  13. The Picture Superiority Effect
    清霞 袁 · 2024 · Advances in Psychology
  14. Covert and overt retrieval are equally beneficial for learning a third language vocabulary
    Jiaxin Li, Hong-Wen Cao, Defeng Li · 2024 · International Journal of Multilingualism
  15. Retrieval-based learning
    Jeffrey D. Karpicke · 2025 · Elsevier eBooks
  16. Offline consolidation mechanisms of the retrieval practice effect: an analysis based on EEG signal characteristics
    Jing Zhang, Xiaoning Huo, Hongbo Lv, Jiahua Xu, Xiaofeng Ma · 2025 · npj Science of Learning
  17. Promoting Meaningful Learning through Retrieval Practice: Experimental Evidences and Pedagogical Application
    Xiaofeng MA, Aibao Zhou, Dan Cui, Ronghua ZHANG · 2014 · Advances in Psychological Science
  18. Item repetition and retrieval processes in cued recall: Analysis of recall-latency distributions
    Yoonhee Jang, Heungchul Lee · 2019 · Memory & Cognition
  19. Testing the Retrieval Effort Theory
    Bo Wang, Chaoyong Zhao · 2019 · Swiss Journal of Psychology
  20. Memory Skill: The Proceduralization of Declarative Memory Through Retrieval Practice
    Mihály Racsmány, Ágnes Szöllősi · 2021 · Language, cognition and mind
  21. An examination of retrieval practice and production training in the treatment of lexical–semantic comprehension deficits in aphasia.
    Erica L. Middleton, Krysta L. Duquette, Katherine A. Rawson, Daniel Mirman · 2022 · Neuropsychology
  22. Improving Long-Term Retention through Personalized Recall Testing and Immediate Feedback
    Aryobarzan Atashpendar, Steffen Rothkugel · 2023 · International Conference on Information and Education Technology (ICIET)
  23. The Efficiency of Retrieval Practice as a Function of Spacing and Intrinsic Value in Young and Older Adults
    Geoffrey B. Maddox · 2013 · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis)
  24. Testing Memories of Personally Experienced Events: The Testing Effect Seems Not to Persist in Autobiographical Memory
    Kathrin J. Emmerdinger, Christof Kuhbandner · 2018 · Frontiers in Psychology
  25. Effect of Multiple-choice Testing on Memory Retention – Cue-target Symmetry
    Cho Kin Cheng · 2014 · TSpace (University of Toronto)
  26. Memory interference and the benefits and costs of testing
    R B Potts · 2014 · UCL Discovery (University College London)
  27. Retrieval Practice Versus Elaborative Encoding: A Systematic and Meta-analytic Review
    Gonçalves, Ariel de Oliveira, Muniz, Bruno Felipe Barbosa, Jaeger, Antônio · 2025 · Educational Psychology Review
  28. The pretesting effect under divided attention
    Johannes Bartl, Oliver Kliegl, Karl‐Heinz T. Bäuml · 2025 · Psychological Research
  29. Prequestioning with feedback fosters learning in young children
    Liwen Yu, Janelle T. Heng, Laura S. Arden-Gardner, Xiao Pan Ding, Steven C. Pan · 2025 · Learning and Instruction
  30. Assurance of Learning and the MFT: Closing the Loops With an Online Review
    Karen L. Middleton, Karen A. Loveland · 2014 · Journal of Education for Business
  31. Metacognitive unawareness of feedback influences future memory prediction but not postdiction
    Khin Theint Theint Soe, Yingjie Jiang, Jiaying Wang, Yang Yu, Yanlin Guo · 2023 · Current Psychology
  32. A combination of restudy and retrieval practice maximizes retention of briefly encountered facts
    Stefania Rene Ashby, Dagmar Zeithamová · 2023 · Frontiers in Cognition
  33. The Primary and Convergent Retrieval Model of Memory
    William J. Hopper · 2021 · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst)
  34. Neural mechanisms by which spaced learning promotes understanding
    Yaowen Liang, Yuying He, Zijian Cheng, Yiwen Li, Linyan Liu, Yanhong Wu, Yufeng Sun, Fujing Ren, Meiqiong Shuai, Wenbo Luo et al. · 2021 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
  35. Can the testing effect, in part, be explained by organizational benefits?
    Andreas Jemstedt · 2013 · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
  36. A Test of the Efficiency of Study and a Study on the Efficacy of Tests
    Mario de Jonge · 2014 · EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
  37. Moving Beyond the Verbal Learning Domain: An Empirical Investigation of the Effectiveness of Feedback Parameters on Learning.
    Christopher M. Kelley · 2014 · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)
  38. Avaliações de ações educativas em saúde apoiadas em Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação
    Andreia Araújo Lima Torres · 2015 · RIUnB Institutional Repository (University of Brasília)
  39. The Discovery and Adoption of the Testing Effect: Challenges of Eliciting Self-Testing Behavior in Students
    Adam Patrick Young · 2015 · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
  40. Investigating Accelerated Long-term Forgetting: The Effects of Associative and Item Memory, and Semantic Relatedness on Long-term Retention
    Sam Audrain · 2015 · TSpace (University of Toronto)
  41. Effects of retrieval and articulation on memory
    Max Larsson Sundqvist · 2017
  42. The Importance of Selectivity in Memory: The Influence of Value on Monitoring, Learning, and Cognitive Aging
    Michael C. Friedman · 2013 · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
  43. Influence of Unsuccessful Retrieval Attempts through recognition in Memory
    Jinseon Kwak, Youngchang Lee, Haeyoung Bang, Yoonki Min · 2019 · Journal of Social Science
  44. Pan and Rickard (2018) Transfer of test-enhanced learning meta-analysis (preprint)
    Steven C. Pan · 2018 · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)
  45. Recounting a Memory: How it Changes Visual Memory and How Useful it is for Others
    Deborah H. Tan · 2019 · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
  46. How event-based memories change as a function of forgetting and consolidation
    Bardur Hofgaard Joensen · 2019 · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
  47. Effectiveness of Retrieval Practice on Prospective Memory Deficits in Mild to Moderate Tramatic Brain Injury patients
    M Selvasrinivasan · 2017
  48. Forgetting curves in the testing effect: A bifurcation model explanation
    Iris E. Yocarini, Samantha Bouwmeester · 2015
  49. Exploring the Mechanisms that Underlie the Benefits of Retrieval Practice in Younger and Older Adults
    Ruth A. Shaffer · 2021 · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis)
  50. Prior Learning and the Efficacy of Retrieval Practice
    Mohan W. Gupta, Steven C. Pan, Timothy Charles Rickard · 2021
  51. Peer Review #1 of "Learning new word meanings from story reading: the benefit of immediate testing (v0.1)"
    2021 · PeerJ
  52. Peer Review #3 of "Learning new word meanings from story reading: the benefit of immediate testing (v0.1)"
    2021 · PeerJ
  53. Peer Review #2 of "Learning new word meanings from story reading: the benefit of immediate testing (v0.1)"
    2021 · PeerJ
  54. The forward testing effect is reliable and independent of learners’ working memory capacity
    Bernhard Pastötter, Christian Frings · 2019
  55. Evaluating phrasal verb exercises: An investigation into the effectiveness of error-free and trial-and-error learning
    Brian Strong · 2017 · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare)
  56. Testing enhances subsequent learning in older adults
    Bernhard Pastötter, Karl‐Heinz T. Bäuml · 2018
  57. Voluntary e-learning exercises support students in mastering statistics
    Jakob Schwerter, Taiga Brahm · 2022
  58. Episodic learning-induced representational change is both influenced by and re-sculpts semantic memory
    Catherine R. Walsh, Jesse Rissman · 2023
  59. No Evidence of a Visual Testing Effect for Novel, Meaningless Objects
    Anna C. McCarter, David E. Huber, Rosemary A. Cowell · 2023
  60. Semantic relatedness and the efficacy of retrieval practice
    Mohan W. Gupta, Steven C. Pan, Timothy Charles Rickard · 2026 · npj Science of Learning
  61. Comparing generating predictions with retrieval practice as learning strategies for primary school children
    Paulo F. Carvalho, Karrie E. Godwin · 2024
  62. Prática da Lembrança: Perspectivas Teóricas e a Hipótese do Aprendizado Baseado na Simulação Construtiva
    Ariel de Oliveira Gonçalves, Antônio Jaeger · 2024 · Cadernos de Psicologia
  63. The Role of Memory Enhancing Techniques in Learning--Examining the Effects of Item-level Brain Training Techniques on Learning
    Kexin Quan · 2024 · Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media
  64. Selective retrieval practice can benefit long-term retention of untested associations: Evidence from a word triplet paradigm
    Richard John Allen, Amy Louise Atkinson, Alan Baddeley · 2024 · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)
  65. Testing the dual-memory framework: individual differences in the magnitude of the retrieval practice effect and fluid intelligence
    Marcos Felipe Rodrigues de Lima, Luciano Grüdtner Buratto · 2024 · Cognitive Processing
  66. Do differences in topic knowledge matter? An experimental investigation into topic knowledge as a possible moderator of the testing effect
    Jessica Allison Macaluso, Scott H. Fraundorf · 2025 · Memory
  67. Does processing level at retrieval moderate the testing effect? Evidence of an asymmetry between study-based encoding and retrieval-based encoding
    Zachary L. Buchin, Neil W. Mulligan · 2025 · Memory
  68. A dual-retrieval-mode extinction procedure reduces fear renewal
    Yingzhu Zeng, Zimeng Li, Hongbo Wang · 2025 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
  69. Sleep-associated and retrieval-associated memory consolidation
    Magdalena Abel · 2012 · University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg)
  70. Does Processing Level at Retrieval Moderate the Testing Effect? Evidence of an Asymmetry Between Study-Based Encoding and Retrieval-Based Encoding
    Zachary L. Buchin · 2022 · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
  71. Additional file 1 of Retrieval practice and spaced learning: preventing loss of knowledge in Dutch medical sciences students in an ecologically valid setting
    Stijn C. M. Donker, Marc A.T.M. Vorstenbosch, Martin J. T. Gerhardus, Thijssen, Dick H. J. · 2022 · Figshare
  72. Feedback at test can reverse the retrieval-effort effect
    Robert A. Bjork, Karl-Heinz T. Bäuml, Oliver Kliegl · 2020 · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
  73. Etude du fonctionnement inhibiteur dans le cadre du syndrome dysexécutif et du vieillissement normal : contribution à l’évaluation clinique des niveaux de perturbations et réflexions sur la composante métacognitive
    Zied Kefi · 2019 · theses.fr (ABES)
  74. Retrieval Practice in the Wild: Comparing Different Multiple‐Choice Question Formats on a Children's TV Gaming Site
    Cyril Brom, Tamara van Gog, Filip Děchtěrenko, Kristina Volná, Gesa S. E. van den Broek · 2026 · Applied Cognitive Psychology
  75. Retrieval Practice Enhances Lexico-Semantic Representations and Facilitates Word Identification During the Attentional Blink: Evidence from L3 French Compound Word Learning
    Su Liu, Shan Huang, Jiawen Han, Xinyi Wang, Siwei Long, Hong-Wen Cao · 2026 · Behavioral Sciences
  76. Testing enhances subsequent learning in older but not in younger elementary school children
    Alp Aslan, Karl‐Heinz T. Bäuml · 2015 · Developmental Science
  77. When to Quiz in Instructional Videos? Effects on Learning and Self‐Regulated Learning in Secondary Education
    Bart G. Schutte, Tristan H. S. de Jonge, Emmy Müller, Margot van Wermeskerken · 2026 · Applied Cognitive Psychology