Functional Status Outcomes in Mothers With and Without Postpartum Depression
Open accessAbstract
Our objective was to compare functional status between women with and without postpartum depression (PPD). A two-group cross-sectional design compared functional status between 23 women with and 23 women without PPD. Participants were 6 to 26 weeks postpartum and from obstetric practices in the northeastern United States. Structured clinical interviews were used to establish diagnoses of PPD. Participants were matched on type of delivery, weeks postpartum, and parity. Participants compared current functioning to prepregnancy functioning using the Inventory of Functional Status After Childbirth. The Postpartum Depression Screening Scale was used to measure PPD severity. Hierarchical multiple and logistic regression models were used to analyze data. We found that after controlling for infant gender, number of nighttime infant awakenings, and income, PPD predicted lower personal (P < .001), household (P < .05), and social functioning (P < .001), but no difference in infant care. Women with PPD were 12 times less likely to achieve prepregnancy functional levels. We conclude that interventions are needed to address household, social, and personal functioning in women with PPD. Clinicians may find functional assessment is a useful adjunct and a less threatening way to screen and monitor treatment for PPD.
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Depressed mothers seemed to experience more difficulties in their social relationships (including relationships with their partners) and to feel that they received lower quality social support than nondepressed mothers.
“Depressed mothers also seemed to experience more difficulties in their social relationships (including relationships with their partners)37,44 and to feel that they received lower quality social support85 than nondepressed mothers.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
The Results and Discussion (pages unavailable) report lower social functioning in mothers with postpartum depression and discuss its implications for interactions with spouses, family and friends. The Discussion also says that marital and interpersonal relationship quality was not examined, so the paper does not directly establish greater difficulties in those relationships. The separate claim about perceived social-support quality is attached to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDepressed mothers seemed to have more risky behaviors, including the risk of starting smoking again after pregnancy and an increased prevalence of suicidal ideations.
“Depressed mothers seemed to have more risky behaviors (including the risk of start smoking again after pregnancy55,84 and an increased prevalence of suicidal ideations).30,33,76,81,85”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
The smoking-relapse clause has separate citations (55, 84), so this source is assessed for suicidal ideation. The Methods identify a Suicidal Thoughts dimension of the screening scale, and the Results report significantly higher scores on all seven dimensions among mothers with postpartum depression. That supports greater suicidal thoughts in this study, but the paper does not report a comparative prevalence of suicidal ideation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn multiple regression analyses, PPD predicted lower overall functional status (p < 0.001), household function (p < 0.05), social function (p < 0.001), and personal function (p < 0.001).
“In multiple regression analyses, PPD predicted lower overall functional status (p < 0.001), household function (p < 0.05), social function (p < 0.001), and personal function (p < 0.001).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Postpartum depression predicts lower levels of household functioning (household care).
“Regarding the life environment, one study showed that PPD predicted lower levels of household functioning (household care).85”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Lower levels of household, social, and personal functioning were correlated with PPD.
“Specifically, lower levels of household, social, and personal functioning were correlated with PPD.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Postpartum depression is associated with lower social function.
“PPD was associated with more relationship difficulties37 and therefore with lower social function.85”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
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Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes
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- Authors
- Posmontier, B.
- Corresponding author
- Posmontier, Bobbie
- ORCID
- Posmontier, Bobbie
- Venue
- Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-07-08
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 310-318
- ISSN
- 1526-9523 (ISSN-L)
- 1542-2011
- PMC
- PMC2535808
- OpenAlex
- W2102047340
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Nursing Research (2-T32 NR 007100-06, F31NR008973, T32NR007100, F31-NR008973-01A1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- postpartum depression, functional status, mothers, personal functioning, household functioning, social functioning, infant care, Postpartum Depression Screening Scale, postpartum screening
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Nursing Assessment, Nursing Diagnosis, Psychometrics, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, United States, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Postpartum
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