The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Testing Theories of Dietary Behavior Change in Youth Using the Mediating Variable Model with Intervention Programs
Abstract
Objective To review and critique current experimentally-based evidence of theoretical mechanisms of dietary behavior change in youth and provide recommendations on ways to enhance theory evaluation. Methods Interventions that examined mediators of dietary behavior change in youth (age 5-18 years) were identified via electronic database searches and reference scanning. Selected studies were reviewed for quality and content and findings were tabulated. Results Seven published interventions were found. All were school-based but differed substantially in dietary outcome, target population, measures, methods of mediation analyses, and theoretical framework. Interventions were relatively unsuccessful in changing mediators. Self-efficacy and outcome expectations were the mechanisms most consistently associated with dietary behavior change. However, only outcome expectancies were identified as mediators in multiple interventions. Conclusions and implications Few interventions have assessed the validity of theoretical mechanisms of dietary behavior change in youth. The variability in the design and target populations across studies makes it impossible to draw conclusions regarding the validity of theories and mediators of dietary behavior change in youth. Future intervention trials need to focus on the identification of effective procedures for mediator change and adopt a more rigorous and systematic approach to theory testing. This is likely to result in more effective interventions.
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“The 11‐item Mediation Quality Checklist tool, initially formulated by Lubans et al. (2008) and adapted by Cerin et al. (2009) and Rhodes and Pfaeffli (2010), was employed to assess the mediation study quality of empirical studies”
From The Mechanisms Underlying the Relationship Between Self‐Compassion and Psychological Outcomes in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review. (2025) · cites this paper as Cerin et al. (2009)
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Items 101–154 of 154
Getting Research on Games for Health Funded
Baranowski, T., Blumberg, F. C., Gao, Z., Kato, P. M., Kok, G., Lu, A. S., Lyons, E., Morrill, B. A., Peng, W., Prins, P. J. M., et al. (2016) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2016.0106 · Cited by 10
“, immersion) and the hypothesized pathways of effects account for the outcomes.(34) GETTING RESEARCH ON GAMES FOR HEALTH FUNDED 5”
Self-citationDeterminants of healthy eating intentions among young adults
Toukabri, M. T. (2024) · Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing · doi:10.1080/08974438.2024.2421978 · Cited by 6
“It is also identified as “the ultimate driver of behavior in social-cognitive theory” which has been used to stimulate healthy eating among young adults (Rinderknecht & Smith, 2004; Cerin et al., 2009; Fitzgerald et al., 2013).”
Annesi, J. J. (2022) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2022.2057904 · Cited by 10
A Nutrition Education Intervention Trial for Adolescent Girls in Isfahan: Study Design and Protocol
Shirazi, M., Kazemi, A., Darani, F. M., & Kelishadi, R. (2016) · doi:10.22038/ijp.2016.7417 · Cited by 8
“commonly used theory in interventions to promote healthy nutrition among adolescents (24), and often used in the development of curriculums for schools and after-school education programs since in school environment, adolescents are given an opportunity to develop socially and cognitively (25).”
MethodJosefsson, K. W., Johnson, U., & Lindwall, M. (2016) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-016-9508-1 · Cited by 8
“It seems evident that in-depth studies of mechanisms in SDT-related phenomena are still limited and previous suggestions for further examination of these links (Rhodes & Pfaeffli, 2010; Cerin et al. 2009) remain pertinent.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBaruth, M., & Wilcox, S. (2014) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014002808 · Cited by 8
“A number of PA((11,12)) and dietary((13)) intervention studies targeting children, adolescents or adults have conducted mediation analyses.”
BackgroundInfluentialAchterberg, C. (2013) · doi:10.1097/nt.0b013e31829da164 · Cited by 8
“In the realm of food- and nutrition-related behavior, this is especially important because of the variability of study designs, intervention approaches, theories, measurement tools, target populations, and intermediary variables selected (or not) for study.(21)”
BackgroundGrimes, C. A., Booth, A., Khokhar, D., West, M. L., Margerison, C., Campbell, K. J., & Nowson, C. A. (2017) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.7597 · Cited by 8
“These include self-efficacy [39], intentions (ie, goal setting) [40,41], reinforcements [42], and knowledge [43].”
Baranowski, T. (2013) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2013.1502 · Cited by 8
“The inability to find mediators 24 of change game interventions (T. Baranowski’s research group’s unpublished data) reveals that either games are effecting behavior change through unintended paths we don’t understand, or the documented changes were the result of mere chance or measurement errors.”
Self-citationHedin, L., Seiterö, A., Crawford, J., Bendtsen, M., & Löf, M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22097-5 · Cited by 8
“…to know-how, such as skills training, are commonly included in interventions to improve dietary behaviors [44, 46, 55], but other behavioral factors, e.g., health routines, perceived behavioral control, and intention, are assessed as potential mediators for dietary changes [46, 55, 56, 58, 59].”
O’Dean, S., Sunderland, M., Smout, S., Slade, T. N., Chapman, C., Gardner, L. A., Thornton, L. K., Newton, N. C., Teesson, M., & Champion, K. E. (2023) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-023-01616-z · Cited by 5
“Multiple systematic reviews have investigated and summarised the findings on potential mediators of health behaviour change interventions in adolescents (Cerin et al., 2009; Kelly et al., 2017; Lubans et al., 2008; Van Stralen et al., 2011).”
BackgroundGutschall, M., & Settle, J. (2013) · doi:10.1097/01.tin.0000437412.51317.1a · Cited by 6
Bestle, S. M. S., Trolle, E., Biltoft-Jensen, A. P., Christensen, B., Matthiessen, J., Stockmarr, A., & Lassen, A. D. (2024) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105353 · Cited by 6
Dunker, K. L. L., Alvarenga, M. D. S., Teixeira, P. C., & Grigolon, R. B. (2021) · Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina · doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2020.0420.r2.04022021 · Cited by 5
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Diabetes Prevention for Latino Youth
Shaibi, G. Q., Konopken, Y. P., Williams, A. N., McClain, D. D., Castro, F. G., & Keller, C. S. (2015) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839915603363 · Cited by 4
Hansen, A., Alfonso, M. L., Hackney, A., & Luque, J. S. (2015) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12260 · Cited by 5
Agina, A. M. (2014) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour · doi:10.4172/2375-4494.1000166 · Cited by 4
Facilitating Grant Proposal Writing in Health Behaviors for University Faculty: A Descriptive Study
Stein, L. A. R., Clair, M., Lebeau, R., Prochaska, J., Rossi, J. S., & Swift, J. (2011) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839910385895 · Cited by 5
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“The promotion of attitudes towards the adoption of healthy behaviours is important for the effective promotion of healthy eating [40,48,49].”
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“Well-designed theoretically based nutrition education programs should focus not only on the desired dietary behavior, but also on motivators, confidence, and skills necessary to perform the behavior [7].”
BackgroundAnnesi, J. J. (2024) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981241281331 · Cited by 2
“After the theory is used in treatment development, effects should then be objectively appraised and, if successful, decomposed to determine if the expected mechanisms of change were realized (Baranowski et al., 2009; Cerin et al., 2009).”
A generalization of the Topological Tail Dependence theory: From indices to individual stocks
Souto, H. G., & Moradi, A. (2024) · Decision Analytics Journal · doi:10.1016/j.dajour.2024.100512 · Cited by 3
Daas, M. C., Gebremariam, M. K., Poelman, M. P., Andersen, L. F., Klepp, K., Bjelland, M., & Lien, N. (2024) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980024000260 · Cited by 3
“Few studies have explored mediators and moderators of FV consumption in school-based interventions (14,16,18 – 20) .”
BackgroundÇam, C., Atay, E., Aygar, H., Öcal, E., Göktaş, S., IŞıklı, B., Önsüz, M., & Metintaş, S. (2021) · Konuralp Tip Dergisi · doi:10.18521/ktd.869407 · Cited by 3
Relationship among females' weight status and beliefs about diet and health.
Kedem, L., Evans, E., & Chapman-Novakofski, K. (2013) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.37.4.8 · Cited by 3
Stephens, T. (2014) · doi:10.14288/1.0167243 · Cited by 3
“…youth, authors reported that “Self-efficacy and outcome expectations were the mechanisms most consistently associated with dietary behavior change” (Cerin et al., 2009, p. 309), and that “only attitude/outcome expectancies were identified as mediators in multiple interventions, age groups, and…”
BackgroundNoar, S. M. (2012) · Journal of Public Health Dentistry · doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.2012.00361.x · Cited by 4
“This kind of knowledge can inform a feedback loop that can help to inform and refine theory (5).”
Disoteo, O., Russo, F. D. G., Renzullo, L., Negri, G., Piazzolla, G., Pergola, G. D., Triggiani, V., & Lisco, G. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071139 · Cited by 3
Orlowski, M., Shermadou, S. S., Lee, M., Hinson-Enslin, A., & Nahhas, R. (2022) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/00178969221125637 · Cited by 2
“In addition, adolescent self-efficacy may mediate the relationship between food parenting practices and adolescent eating behaviours (Cerin et al., 2009; Kelly et al., 2017; van Stralen et al., 2011).”
BackgroundJørgensen, T. S., Rasmussen, M., Jørgensen, S. E., Ersbøll, A. K., Pedersen, T. P., Aarestrup, A. K., Due, P., & Krølner, R. F. (2016) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.11.009 · Cited by 3
“The aim of this studywas therefore to evaluate if a curricular component worked through its intended theory- and evidence-based link (Baranowski and Jago, 2005; Aarestrup et al., 2014a; Cerin et al., 2009) by 1) examining the effect of the entire multi-component intervention on three important determinants of adolesce…”
BackgroundPredictors of outcomes following a brief Portuguese parental nutrition intervention
Gomes, A. I., Barros, L., & Pereira, A. I. (2020) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.1735 · Cited by 2
Mukem, S., & Benjakul, S. (2020) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2020.7.1.0216 · Cited by 1
“Therefore, studies based on theories are more effective in relation to behavioral changes compared to non-theoretical approaches [47].”
BackgroundAnnesi, J. J., & Mareno, N. (2017) · Health Behavior Research · doi:10.4148/2572-1836.1001 · Cited by 1
Ochoa-Meza, G., Sierra, J., Pérez-Rodrigo, C., Bartrina, J. A., & Villar, O. A. E.-D. (2015) · Nutrición Hospitalaria · doi:10.3305/nh.2015.31.2.8317 · Cited by 1
Ochoa-Meza, G., Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, U. A. D. C. J. (., Sierra, J. C., Centro de Investigación Mente, C. Y. C. (., Pérez‐Rodrigo, C., Unidad de Nutrición Comunitaria, B. (., Bartrina, J. A., Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación, F. Y. T., Villar, Ó. A. E. D., Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, U. A. D. C. J. (., et al. (2017) · Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud · doi:10.23923/j.rips.2017.08.010 · Cited by 3
“…la validación de las teorías y de los mediadores (Cerin, Barnett y Baranowski, 2009), a través de procedimientos sistemáticos y de diseños robustos (Cerin et al., 2009; Diep et Tabla 4 Análisis de regresión de los predictores de motivación, habilidad y oportunidad ambiental del consumo de verdura…”
BackgroundJohansen, C., Reynolds, K., Xie, B., & Palmer, P. (2021) · Hispanic Health Care International · doi:10.1177/15404153211029893
“If mediators are established, public health practitioners can focus intervention activities on changing factors that mediate the effect of acculturation on BMI leading to more effective and efficient interventions (Cerin et al., 2009; Lubans et al., 2008).”
BackgroundCha, S., & Ryu, H. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition and Health · doi:10.4163/jnh.2019.52.3.285
“또한 아동의 식이관련 자아효능감이 식행동 변화 에 긍정적인 영향을 준다는 것으로 나타나 [29] 채소 섭취 에 자아효능감이 중요한 역할을 하고 있다고 할 수 있다.”
Types of Articles for Publishing Your G4H
Baranowski, T. (2016) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2016.0039
“The effect of the intervention on the mechanism is usually tested, and following prespecified standardized statistical procedures, 16 an analysis is conducted of whether change in that mechanism influenced change in the behavior or other health outcomes.”
Self-citationLorch, D., Newton, A. L., Hanks, L. J., Fontaine, K. R., & Casazza, K. (2015) · ICAN Infant Child & Adolescent Nutrition · doi:10.1177/1941406415577108 · Cited by 1
Implementing Heart Healthy Dietary Guidelines
Rippe, J. M., & Waite, M. A. (2011) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827611428744
What's your key mediating variable for having lunch at home?
Chapman-Novakofski, K. (2009) · Journal of nutrition education and behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2009.07.010
“Friends may be a benefit and family a barrier for African American women trying to consume low fat foods.3 Of course we can look at many articles individually, but I think to be effective for our target populations we need to be thorough, focused, and flexible as we identify our key mediating variables, construct appr…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLee, S.-C. (2019) · doi:10.32658/10497/22304
“was referenced with Bandura's SCT and looked at evidence-based psychological, behavioural, and environmental influences on nutrition behavioural change (Lubans et al., 2008; Cerin et al., 2009) and physical activity.”
MethodPlanning with a partner? Individual and dyadic planning in three health behaviour contexts
Keller, J. (2018) · Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver · doi:10.17169/refubium-15262
Vargo, K. E. (2015) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc000181
The Economic Value of Dietary Supplements
Raffensperger, J. (2011) · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-308-4_4
“Using the mediating variable model [6] to understand how interventions change behavior, interventions must influence the strong causal influences on behavior; these changes [6 ] induce changes in the behavior [ 7 ].”
The Young and Adolescents: Initiating Change in Children’s Eating Behavior
Baranowski, T., O’Connor, T. M., & Baranowski, J. C. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_205
Self-citationA focus on health disparities.
Greene, G. (2010) · Journal of nutrition education and behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2009.11.002
Chapman-Novakofski, K. (2010) · Journal of nutrition education and behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2009.11.001
Metadata
- Authors
- Cerin, E., Barnett, A., & Baranowski, T.
- Affiliations
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 309-318
- ISSN
- 1499-4046 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2106714104
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 16.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- dietary behavior change, youth, school-based intervention, mediation analysis, theory testing, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, theoretical mechanisms, nutrition education
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Behavior Therapy, Child, Child, Preschool, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Theoretical, Obesity, Patient Education as Topic, Health Behavior
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