The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The role of microglia in central nervous system immunity and glioma immunology
Open accessAbstract
The central nervous system (CNS) historically has been considered an immune-privileged organ, lacking a lymphatic system and shielded from the circulatory system by the blood-brain barrier. Microglia are an abundant portion of the CNS cell population, comprising 5% to 20% of the total glial cell population, and are as numerous as neurons. A crucial function of microglia is the ability to generate significant innate and adaptive immune responses. Microglia are involved in first line innate immunity of the CNS. Proper antigen presentation is critical in the generation of specific, durable responses by the adaptive immune system, and requires interaction between the T cell receptor and processed antigen peptide presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by the antigen presenting cells (APC). Microglia also have a large regulatory role in CNS immunity. Histopathologic studies of glioma tissue have consistently shown high levels of infiltrating microglia. Microglia are also localized diffusely throughout the tumor, rather than to the areas of necrosis, and phagocytosis of glioma cells or debris by microglia is not observed. Recent evidence indicates that glioma-infiltrating microglia/macrophages might be promoting tumor growth by facilitating immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment. When activated, microglia can be potent immune effector cells, able to perform a broad range of functions, and they mediate both innate and adaptive responses during CNS injury and disease while remaining quiescent in the steady state. Their versatility in bridging the gap between the immune-privileged CNS and the peripheral immune system, in addition to their significant numbers in gliomas, makes them an attractive candidate in immunotherapy for gliomas. An enhanced understanding of microglia-glioma interaction may provide better methods to manipulate the glioma microenvironment to allow the generation of a specific and durable anti-glioma immunity. The role of microglia in CNS immunity is reviewed, with a focus on key advances made in glioma immunology.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Microglia, the resident mononuclear phagocytes of the CNS, play key roles in immune surveillance and defense [39], synaptic remodeling [40], and homeostasis [41].”
From Untangling senescent and damage‐associated microglia in the aging and diseased brain (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo
Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110647 · Cited by 5,827 · cited 1×
“As routine surveillance of the CNS, microglia, even in their quiescent form, continually monitor their microenvironment through pinocytosis and interaction with neurons [29].”
BackgroundTumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: A potential mechanism of immune evasion
Dong, H., Strome, S. E., Salomao, D. R., Tamura, H., Hirano, F., Flies, D. B., Roche, P. C., Lu, J., Zhu, G., Tamada, K., et al. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm730 · Cited by 5,025
Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS
Kreutzberg, G. W. (1996) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(96)10049-7 · Cited by 4,396 · cited 1×
“Resting microglia serve as poor APC [59]; however, activating stimuli induce microglia to robustly increase their expression of MHC [60] and costimulatory molecules [61].”
BackgroundHeterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain
Lawson, L. J., Perry, V. H., Dri, P., & Gordon, S. (1990) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(90)90229-w · Cited by 2,045
van Kooten, C., & Banchereau, J. (2000) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.67.1.2 · Cited by 1,413 · cited 3×
“The CD40–CD40L interaction also induces microglia to increase the release of nitric synthase [56].”
BackgroundLoss of tumor suppressor PTEN function increases B7-H1 expression and immunoresistance in glioma
Parsa, A. T., Waldron, J. S., Panner, A., Crane, C. A., Parney, I. F., Barry, J. J., Cachola, K. E., Murray, J. C., Tihan, T., Jensen, M. C., et al. (2006) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1517 · Cited by 1,341 · cited 1×
“In normal brain, microglia express B7-H1, a potent immunosuppressive molecule that induces T cell apoptosis [93, 94].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMicroglia initiate central nervous system innate and adaptive immune responses through multiple TLRs
Olson, J. K., & Miller, S. D. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3916 · Cited by 1,215 · cited 4×
“Mature microglia express a variety of macrophage-specific markers including Toll-like receptors (TLR) [22, 23], the integrin CD11b [24], and the glycoprotein of unknown function, F4/80.”
BackgroundInfluentialMicroglia: Intrinsic immuneffector cell of the brain
Gehrmann, J., Matsumoto, Y., & Kreutzberg, G. W. (1995) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(94)00015-h · Cited by 1,111 · cited 1×
“MHC molecules are generally restricted to microglia in low levels [6, 57, 58].”
BackgroundCytology & cellular pathology of the nervous system
Penfield, W. G. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,035
Banati, R. B., Gehrmann, J., Schubert, P., & Kreutzberg, G. W. (1993) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.440070117 · Cited by 1,032 · cited 1×
“For example, microglia express TLR [22] and initiate innate responses with the production of cytokines, chemokines and nitric oxide (NO) [37, 38].”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 410
Kékesi, O., Liang, H., Münch, G. W., Morley, J. W., Gyengési, E., & Buskila, Y. (2019) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-019-01905-w · Cited by 19
Clinical Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of Regulatory T Cells for ALS
Shneider, N. A., Nesta, A. V., Rifai, O. M., Yasek, J. E., Elyaman, W., Aziz‐Zaman, S., Lyu, M.-A., Lévy, S., Hoover, B. N., Vlad, G., et al. (2025) · NEJM Evidence · doi:10.1056/evidoa2400249 · Cited by 18
Clinical Trials with Immunotherapy for High-Grade Glioma
Ruzevick, J., Jackson, C. M., Phallen, J. A., & Lim, M. K. (2012) · Neurosurgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nec.2012.04.003 · Cited by 18
Methionine enkephalin regulates microglia polarization and function
Xu, X., Gao, Y., Wen, L., Zhai, Z., Zhang, S., Shan, F., & Feng, J. (2016) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2016.08.037 · Cited by 18
Microglia secrete distinct sets of neurotoxins in a stimulus-dependent manner
Bernath, A. K., Murray, T. E., Yang, S., Gibon, J., & Klegeris, A. (2023) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148315 · Cited by 20
Organotypic Models to Study Human Glioblastoma: Studying the Beast in Its Ecosystem
Pamies, D., Zurich, M., & Härtung, T. (2020) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101633 · Cited by 19
Li, H., Wang, P., Zhou, Y., Zhao, F., Gao, X. M., Wu, C., Wu, T., Jiang, L., & Zhang, D. (2022) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12806 · Cited by 17
Concepts of immunotherapy for glioma
Patel, M. A., & Pardoll, D. M. (2015) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-015-1810-5 · Cited by 18
“Regarding the glioma microenvironment, microglia may facilitate tumor progression by releasing matrix metalloproteinases that enable tumor cell proliferation; microglia may also express immunosuppressive molecules such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), the ligand of PD-1 [65].”
InfluentialBender, D. E., Schaettler, M. O., Sheehan, K. C. F., Johanns, T. M., & Dunn, G. P. (2021) · Biomarker Insights · doi:10.1177/11772719211006666 · Cited by 17
Jin, M., Chen, D., Jin, Y.-H., Han, Y., Sun, H., & Kwon, T. (2021) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10402 · Cited by 17
Understanding Microglia–Neuron Cross Talk: Relevance of the Microglia–Neuron Cocultures
Correa, F., Hernangómez, M., & Guaza, C. (2013) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-520-0_20 · Cited by 17
The immunosuppressive microenvironment of malignant gliomas
Borisov, K. E., & Sakaeva, D. (2015) · Russian Journal of Archive of Pathology · doi:10.17116/patol201577654-63 · Cited by 17
The Role of Neurotrophin Signaling in Gliomagenesis
Alshehri, M. M., Robbins, S. M., & Senger, D. L. (2017) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2016.11.001 · Cited by 17
Contextual fear conditioning regulates synapse-related gene transcription in mouse microglia
Yu, Z., Sakai, M., Fukushima, H., Ono, C., Kikuchi, Y., Koyama, R., Matsui, K., Furuyashiki, T., Kida, S., & Tomita, H. (2022) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.08.017 · Cited by 16
Role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in neurodegenerative dementias
Shafi, S., Singh, A., Ibrahim, A. M., Alhajri, N., Izneid, T. A., & Pottoo, F. H. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15215 · Cited by 15
“As a resident brain macrophage, microglia plays a vital role in the CNS's innate immune response, which is crucial for the regulation of brain homeostasis and neuronal development (Yang et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMolecular and spatial heterogeneity of microglia in Rasmussen encephalitis
Westfall, J. J., Schwind, W. N., Sran, S., Navarro, J. B., Leonard, J. R., Pindrik, J., Pierson, C. R., Boué, D. R., Koboldt, D. C., Ostendorf, A. P., et al. (2022) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-022-01472-y · Cited by 17
“Furthermore, when CD40 is bound to T-cell ligand CD40L, it promotes an increase in expression of CD80, another proinflammatory costimulatory molecule [65].”
BackgroundDeDreu, J., Le, P. M., & Menko, A. S. (2022) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/15353702221140411 · Cited by 15
Myeloid cells as potential targets for immunotherapy in pediatric gliomas
Frederico, S. C., Sharma, N., Darling, C., Taori, S., Dubinsky, A. C., Zhang, X., Raphael, I., & Kohanbash, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2024.1346493 · Cited by 14
“While it has been demonstrated that microglia play an essential role in generating robust innate and adaptive immune responses in CNS diseases outside of brain tumors, little is known as to how microglia speci fi cally impacts the TME in pediatric gliomas and pGBM (57).”
Divergent landscapes of A-to-I editing in postmortem and living human brain
Santos, M. R. D. L., Kopell, B. H., Grice, A. B., Ganesh, G., Yang, A., Amini, P., Liharska, L. E., Vornholt, E., Fullard, J. F., Dong, P., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49268-z · Cited by 16
Kim, S. H., Lee, J. E., Yang, S.-H., & Lee, S. (2013) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2013.1135 · Cited by 15
Novel Ion Channel Targets and Drug Delivery Tools for Controlling Glioblastoma Cell Invasiveness
Varricchio, A., Ramesh, S. A., & Yool, A. J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111909 · Cited by 17
Modulation of Tumor Tolerance in Primary Central Nervous System Malignancies
Johnson, T. S., Munn, D. H., & Maria, B. L. (2012) · Clinical and Developmental Immunology · doi:10.1155/2012/937253 · Cited by 15
“Animal studies have shown anti-VEGF therapy to be effective at compromising glioblastoma perfusion by eliminating intratumoral vessels [146] via an apoptotic pathway [147].”
InfluentialHorienoids A and B, Two Heterocoupled Sesquiterpenoid Dimers from Hedyosmum orientale
Fan, Y., Gan, L., Chen, S., Gong, Q., Zhang, H., & Yue, J. (2021) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.joc.1c00307 · Cited by 15
Ginisty, A., Oliver, L., Arnault, P., Vallette, F. M., Benzakour, O., & Coronas, V. (2019) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.039 · Cited by 14
Cognitive decline and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of obesity: An accelerating role of ageing
Rajput, M., Malik, I. A., Methi, A., Silva, J. A. C., Fey, D., Wirths, O., Fischer, A., Wilting, J., & Arnim, C. A. F. V. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.12.154 · Cited by 14
“Microglial cells are the immune cells of the CNS with phagocytic function important for removing harmful substances that may cause inflammation (Yang et al., 2010).”
Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Chronic Pain and Alzheimer's Disease—A Review
Moradi, F., & Mokhtari, T. (2025) · Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jbt.70071 · Cited by 14
“Microglia, as one of the most abundant cell types in the central nervous system (CNS), play essential roles in both the innate and adaptive immune systems [102].”
Perrotta, C., Palma, C. D., Clementi, E., & Cervia, D. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00236 · Cited by 14
“Although once previously thought to play an anti-tumorigenic role, microglia has recently emerged as important element in the progression and growth of glioma through diverse mechanisms (Ghosh and Chaudhuri, 2010; Yang et al., 2010; Saijo and Glass, 2011; Zhai et al., 2011; Charles et al., 2012; Jacobs et al., 2012;We…”
BackgroundInfluentialMicroglial Response to Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans: Implications in Endophthalmitis
Gandhi, J., Naik, P., Kaur, I., Kumar, A., & Joseph, J. (2020) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof6030162 · Cited by 14
“in the mediation of host responses during systemic candidiasis as well as in corneal infections, which instigates the production of inflammatory cytokines [27,34,35].”
BackgroundKim, K.-W., Lee, Y., Yoon, D., Kim, G., & Lee, D. (2022) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-022-03825-5 · Cited by 14
“Microglial cells are a type of macrophage present in the brain, which accounts for about 5–20% of glial cells and have primary immune defense functions in the central nervous system (CNS) [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialMutant huntingtin confers cell-autonomous phenotypes on Huntington’s disease iPSC-derived microglia
Stöberl, N., Donaldson, J., Binda, C. S., McAllister, B., Hall‐Roberts, H., Jones, L., Massey, T. H., & Allen, N. D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46852-z · Cited by 15
“They respond to changes in their environment by producing cytokines, chemokines and by upregulating immunomodulatory surface markers 25 .”
BackgroundPišlar, A. H., Nedeljković, B. B., Perić, M., Jakoš, T., Zidar, N., & Kos, J. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02694-2 · Cited by 16
“In the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are resident innate immune cells that provide the first line of defense against pathogens [4].”
BackgroundDown-regulation of Aquaporin-1 mediates a microglial phenotype switch affecting glioma growth
Hu, F., Huang, Y., Semtner, M., Zhao, K., Tan, Z., Dzaye, O. D. A., Kettenmann, H., Shu, K., & Lei, T. (2020) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112323 · Cited by 12
Zenkoh, J., Gerelchuluun, A., Wang, Y., Miwa, Y., Ohno, T., & Tsuboi, K. (2017) · Translational Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tcr.2017.01.32 · Cited by 12
A refined rat primary neonatal microglial culture method that reduces time, cost and animal use
Georgieva, M., Leeson-Payne, A. T. S., Dumitrascuta, M., Rajnicek, A. M., Malcangio, M., & Huang, W. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.04.017 · Cited by 10
“An important function of microglia is their ability to generate innate and adaptive immune responses [4].”
Caulfield, J. I., Schopf, K. J., & Cavigelli, S. A. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577450 · Cited by 11
“Specific markers like cluster of differentiation molecule 11b (CD11b) can indicate microglial activity, and cytokines like IL-1β are produced by activated microglia (Akiyama and McGeer, 1990; Bilbo and Schwarz, 2012; Osborne et al., 2018, 2017; Williamson et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2010).”
BackgroundJana, A., Nath, A., Sen, P., Kundu, S., Alghamdi, B. S. A., Abujamel, T. S., Saboor, M., Chan, W., Alexiou, A. T., Papadakis, M., et al. (2024) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-024-08781-6 · Cited by 11
“Microglia and macrophage are considered to be the key immune cells in repairing CNS injuries and infections, as they mediate phagocytosis of pathogens and initiate neuro-inflammatory responses by releasing cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, etc. (Janda et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2010).”
BackgroundWagh, S. S., Famta, P., Shah, S., Vambhurkar, G. B., Pandey, G., Sikder, A., Singh, G., Shukla, S., Sharma, A., Prasad, S. B., et al. (2025) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ajps.2025.101040 · Cited by 10
“Microglial cells perform immunological functions in the brain and spinal identical to peripheral macrophages in other body parts [ 48 ,49 ].”
Stonedahl, S., Leser, J. S., Clarke, P., Potter, H., Boyd, T. D., & Tyler, K. L. (2023) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01805-22 · Cited by 10
Sivagurunathan, N., Rahamathulla, M. P., Al-Dossary, H., & Latchoumycandane, C. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03809-7 · Cited by 10
“The microglial cells are the primary effectors in the inflammatory process of the central nervous system and act as the first line of defense [7].”
Ponzoni, S. (2011) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.066 · Cited by 10
Cannas, S., Molicotti, P., Bua, A., Usai, D., Sechi, L. A., Scanu, A. M., Blasi, E., & Zanetti, S. (2011) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/1757-4749-3-19 · Cited by 10
“Microglia showing its ameboid phenotype increases its proliferation [12], motility [13], fagocytic activity [14,15] and release of cytokines and reactive oxygen [16-18].”
Dissecting brain tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and ex vivo
Grotzer, M. A., Neve, A., & Baumgartner, M. (2016) · Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment · doi:10.20517/2394-4722.2016.02 · Cited by 10
“Microglia are involved in first-line innate immunity in response to brain injury, when they convert to an active proliferating, migrating and phagocytic phenotype.[36] Microglia and macrophages accumulate in and around glioma to which they are suspected to be attracted by glioma-secreted chemo attractants such as mono…”
BackgroundFeng, R., Chen, Q., Yang, W., Tong, X., Sun, Z., & Yan, H. (2018) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0366-6999.238147 · Cited by 10
“[22] The MBP exists in “immunological privileged site” normally.[23] However, when BBB is broken, the autoantigens would leak into peripheral circulation and activate T lymphocytes.”
BackgroundIshikawa, Y., Umezawa, R., Yamamoto, T., Takahashi, N., Takeda, K., Suzuki, Y., & Jingu, K. (2022) · Journal of Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1186/s13256-022-03321-x · Cited by 10
“The brain has its own immune system with a BBB that prevents lymphocytes from entering the brain [7].”
BackgroundChung, H.-S., Kim, S.-N., Jeong, J.-H., & Bae, H. (2013) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-013-0983-6 · Cited by 10
Lyamtsev, A. S., Sentyabreva, A. V., & Kosyreva, A. M. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26189250 · Cited by 9
“The microglia colonization of the brain precedes the formation of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes [106–110].”
Sinnadurai, M., & McDonald, K. L. (2017) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-017-2390-3 · Cited by 9
“Other immune cell types found in the GBM microenvironment include microglia and NK cells [67, 68].”
BackgroundCurrent advances in stem cell therapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
Baghbadorani, P. Z., Damavandi, A. R., Moradi, S., Ahmadi, M., Bemani, P., Aria, H., Motedayyen, H., Damavandi, A. R., Eskandari, N., & Fathi, F. (2022) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2022-0102 · Cited by 9
dMyc is required in retinal progenitors to prevent JNK-mediated retinal glial activation
Tavares, L., Correia, A., Santos, M. A., Relvas, J. B., & Pereira, P. S. (2017) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006647 · Cited by 9
Zhao, D. F., Gu, M., Zhang, L. J., Jeon, H. J., Cho, Y.-B., & Yang, H. O. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03307 · Cited by 9
Cytomegalovirus-Targeted Immunotherapy and Glioblastoma: Hype or Hope?
Ferguson, S. D., Srinivasan, V. M., Ghali, M. G. Z., & Heimberger, A. B. (2016) · Immunotherapy · doi:10.2217/imt.16.2 · Cited by 9
Oh, Y., Jung, H.-J., Hong, S., Cho, Y., Park, J., Cho, D., & Kim, T. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.977205 · Cited by 8
“Expression levels of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and costimulatory molecules are increased upon the activation of resting microglial cells (Yang et al., 2010).”
BackgroundOrús-Alcalde, A., Børve, A., & Hejnol, A. (2023) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01482-1 · Cited by 9
Waseem, A., Rashid, S., Rashid, K., Khan, M. A., Khan, R., Haque, R., Seth, P., & Raza, S. S. (2023) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.006 · Cited by 8
Lee, H. W., Lee, K., Kim, D. G., Yang, H., & Nam, D. (2016) · PubMed · doi:10.14670/hh-11-695 · Cited by 8
“Microglia are primary immune effector cells of the CNS and are capable of generating significant immune responses via at least two different and functionally distinct morphological states, termed as activated and reactive/amoeboid microglia (Yang et al., 2010; Kettenmann et al., 2011).”
BackgroundGeng, W., Zou, H. L., Wang, H., Dai, Y., Lu, G., Sun, Z., Lü, Y., Ding, X., & Yu, Y. (2021) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d0nr08899d · Cited by 8
Infection of human microglial cell line CHME-3 to study neuropathogenesis of chikungunya virus
Qadri, S. W., Kumar, N., Santhoshkumar, R., Desai, A., Ravi, V., & Venkataswamy, M. (2022) · Journal of Neurovirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-022-01070-7 · Cited by 8
“1 3 and get activated in response to noxious stimuli, including invading pathogens (Yang et al. 2010; Lenz and Nelson 2018; Norris and Kipnis 2019).”
BackgroundBridging the gap between tumor and disease: Innovating cancer and glioma models
Cirigliano, S. M., & Fine, H. A. (2024) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20220808 · Cited by 8
“Spontaneously forming glioma GEMMs circumvent the BBB and brain trauma issues but involve non-human gliomas, within a non-human brain microenvironment and immune system, making their biological, immunological, and clinical relevance to human gliomas questionable (Yang et al., 2010; Oh et al., 2014).”
Ma, C. T., Lee, S. B., Cho, I. H., Yu, J. S., Huang, T., Lee, T. M., Lý, T. L., Kwon, S. W., Park, J. H., & Yang, H. O. (2023) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c05783 · Cited by 7
Liu, F., Yan, W., Chen, C., Zeng, Y., Kong, Y., He, X., Pei, P., Wang, S., & Zhang, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2024.1324458 · Cited by 8
Chikungunya virus infection in human microglial C20 cells induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis
Kumar, N., Santhoshkumar, R., & Venkataswamy, M. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1380736 · Cited by 7
Rethinking Pediatric Gliomas as Developmental Brain Abnormalities
Crouse, N. R., Dahiya, S. M., & Gutmann, D. H. (2011) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-380916-2.00009-7 · Cited by 7
Microglia in Gliomas: Friend or Foe?
Kaminska, B. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1431-5_9 · Cited by 6
Using 2D and 3D pluripotent stem cell models to study neurotropic viruses
LaNoce, E., Dumeng-Rodriguez, J., & Christian, K. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Virology · doi:10.3389/fviro.2022.869657 · Cited by 7
“It is well known that HIV does not infect neurons directly, but does infect microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS (16, 153, 154).”
BackgroundVleeschouwer, S. D., Dejaegher, J., & Gool, S. V. (2014) · ImmunoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/itt.s40121 · Cited by 6
“Other factors in the microenvironment GBM are heavily infiltrated by microglia and macrophages, which are reported to make up to 30% of the tumoral mass.(115,116) Although once thought to be an anti-tumor response, it has become clear that these cells, once recruited in the glioma, lose their anti-tumor efficacy.”
Cui, Z.-Q., Liu, B.-L., Wu, Q., Cai, Y., Fan, W., Zhang, M., Ding, W.-L., Zhang, B., Kang, J.-M., & Yan, H. (2016) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0366-6999.178955 · Cited by 6
“Chinese Medical Journal ¦ April 5, 2016 ¦ Volume 129 ¦ Issue 7 832 “immunological privileged site”[2] normally.”
Mora, V. P., Kalergis, A. M., & Böhmwald, K. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12081713 · Cited by 6
“Microglia can also constantly monitor the brain and modify their responses according to stimuli [18].”
BackgroundHart, O. B., & Reed, C. J. (2025) · Journal of Medical Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research · doi:10.51847/bmigiiu1tk · Cited by 5
Chen, B., Lu, H.-C., Huang, L., Wang, J., Bujold, M., Tang, L., Du, X., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03733-2 · Cited by 5
Zonulin as Gatekeeper in Gut–Brain Axis: Dysregulation in Glioblastoma
Hagemeyer, H., Hellwinkel, O., & Bello, J. P. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12081649 · Cited by 5
Buren, E. V., Hu, M., Cheng, L., Wrobel, J. A., Wilhelmsen, K. C., Su, L., Li, Y., & Wu, D. (2022) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbac084 · Cited by 3
Deilami, T., Kharazi, H. H., Seddighi, A. S., Tanzifi, P., Tayebivaljouzi, R., Zamani, F., & Tafti, A. C. (2015) · Iranian Journal of Radiology · doi:10.5812/iranjradiol.9567v2 · Cited by 5
Stem cells as cellular vehicles for gene therapy against glioblastoma.
Wang, W., Liu, F., Xiang, B., Xiang, C., & Mou, X. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 5
Xia, H., Wang, M., Jiang, X., Wu, F., Xu, H., Lin, Z., & Qi, B. (2018) · Glioma · doi:10.4103/glioma.glioma_10_18 · Cited by 5
“Microglias have been found to have the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and the existence of lymphatic vessels in the CNS have been discovered in recent years.[57,58] Immature T-cells can obtain antigens from the CNS in the cervical lymph nodes and nasal mucosa via cerebrospinal fluid”
BackgroundBiochemical events related to glial response in spinal cord injury
Lapuente-Chala, C., & Céspedes-Rubio, Á. E. (2018) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina · doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v66n2.61701 · Cited by 5
“(31,32,34,35) This induces a cascade of biochemical events that lead to cell death caused by the mechanisms responsible for neurological deficit such as necrosis, aponecrosis, apoptosis or autophagy (Figure 2).”
BackgroundOchi, S., Yamada, K., Saito, T., Saido, T. C., Iinuma, M., Azuma, K., & Kubo, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1361847 · Cited by 5
“Microglia play a major role in the immune function of the central nervous system against various pathogens and external invasion factors, and remove damaged or dead neurons (Yang et al., 2010).”
BackgroundTrazodone counteracts the response of microglial cells to inflammatory stimuli
Chelucci, E., Daniele, S., Vergassola, M., Ceccarelli, L., Zucchi, S., Boltri, L., & Martini, C. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16522 · Cited by 4
“…of CNS, which first rapidly proliferate and respond to pathological insults (e.g., phagocytose pathogens and dying cells) (Jia et al., 2021; Kwon & Koh, 2020; Yang et al., 2010), as such they become a main focus in cellular neuroimmunology and, therefore, in neuroinflammation (Streit et al., 2004).”
Characteristics of Phenotype and Pro-Tumorigenic Roles of Glioma Infiltrating Microglia/Macrophages
Kaminska, B. (2011) · Journal of Neurology & Neurophysiology · doi:10.4172/2155-9562.s5-001 · Cited by 4
“Once activated, they become immune effector cells mediating both innate and adaptive responses [13-16].”
BackgroundPetrošiūtė, A., Auletta, J. J., & Lazarus, H. M. (2012) · Immunotherapy · doi:10.2217/imt.12.96 · Cited by 4
Role of Kynurenine Pathway in Glioblastoma
Cervantes, G. I. V., Olascoaga, N. K., Ortega, D. R., Salazar, A., González‐Esquivel, D. F., Rı́os, C., Pineda, B., & de la Cruz, V. P. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.68939 · Cited by 4
Glioblastoma: a molecular genetic portrait and modern therapeutic strategies for drug treatment
Guens, G. P., Sanikovich, V. D., Mileyko, V., & Lebedeva, A. (2021) · Advances in molecular oncology · doi:10.17650/2313-805x-2021-8-3-60-76 · Cited by 4
“Однако открытие антигенпредставляющей роли макрофагов, микроглии, дендритных клеток в ЦНС и путей проникновения через ГЭБ иммунных клеток радикально изменили это предположение [72, 73].”
Anti-inflammatory activity of Kyungok-go on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV-2 Microglia Cells
Song, H.-S., An, J.-Y., Oh, J.-Y., Kim, D.-U., Kweon, B., Park, S., & Bae, G. (2022) · 대한한의학회지 · doi:10.13048/jkm.22044 · Cited by 4
Non-cellular immunotherapies in pediatric central nervous system tumors
Rumler, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242911 · Cited by 4
A Much Convenient and Economical Method to Harvest a Great Number of Microglia
Qin, K., Li, Y., Tian, G., Xu, W., Li, P., Zhang, R., Li, Z., & Jiang, X. (2011) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-011-9735-9 · Cited by 4
Koshizuka, T., Ishioka, K., Kobayashi, T., Ikuta, K., & Suzutani, T. (2016) · FUKUSHIMA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE · doi:10.5387/fms.2015-24 · Cited by 4
Potential connections between senescence and chemobrain: An early overview of literature
Melhem, N. Y., Qutifan, S., Alsalem, M., & Saleh, T. (2025) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2025.102896 · Cited by 4
Zou, X., Shi, M., Xiao, X., Lv, X., Yang, M., Tian, M., Xie, B., Wang, L., Wang, J., & Qin, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1775841 · Cited by 4
“Among these glial cells, microglia act as resident immune cells of the CNS, responsible for monitoring changes in the neural microenvironment and playing a crucial role in neuroimmune responses to injury or activation (13 – 15).”
Preparation of Primary Mixed Glial Cultures from Adult Mouse Spinal Cord Tissue
Malon, J. T., & Cao, L. (2016) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/54801 · Cited by 3
NK cells in brain tumors: From biology to treatment
Fares, J., Gupta, S. K., Gopalakrishnan, V., & Khatua, S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824375-6.00021-7 · Cited by 3
Schröder, H., Moser, N., & Huggenberger, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19898-5_2 · Cited by 3
Dey, R., & Bishayi, B. (2022) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-022-01012-z · Cited by 3
Lee, S.-W., Lim, J., Lee, G.-M., Park, J., Kamala‐Kannan, S., & Oh, B. (2023) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1093/jambio/lxad271 · Cited by 3
Perspectives of Stem Cell-Derived Microglia for Medicine
Roy, K., Beutner, C., & Neum, H. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/13850 · Cited by 3
“However, their phagocytic ability, antigen presentation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines is suppressed by the tumor cells (Hanisch and Kettenmann, 2007; Komohara et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2010).”
Microglia: roles and rules in brain traumatic injury
Alvis-Miranda, H. R., Alcalá‐Cerra, G., & Moscote‐Salazar, L. R. (2013) · Romanian Neurosurgery · doi:10.2478/v10282-012-0019-9 · Cited by 3
Blood Vessels in the Brain: A Signaling Hub in Brain Tumor Inflammation
Guérit, S., & Liebner, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45514-3_11 · Cited by 3
Studies on the role of peroxisome proliferators: in liver growth and neurodegenerative disorders
Abushofa, F. A. (2014) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) · Cited by 3
Immune Responses to Tumours in the CNS
Gielen, P. R., van der Valk, P., & Wesseling, P. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118406557.ch15 · Cited by 3
Correction: Propentofylline Targets TROY, a Novel Microglial Signaling Pathway
Jacobs, V. L., Liu, Y., & Leo, J. A. D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/d8f0ef0f-414e-49aa-92a8-fd8d838b611b · Cited by 3
Kim, K.-W., Shin, W. C., Jang, J., Kim, M., Yoon, D., Lee, Y., & Lee, D. (2025) · Applied Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1186/s13765-025-01015-8 · Cited by 2
Decoding the Gut-Brain Axis in Alzheimer’s Disease: Emerging Perspectives
Singh, V., Yadav, A., Taj, T., Islam, A., Mantry, S., Debnath, B., Kumar, B., & Ashique, S. (2025) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715273390442250805174841 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Yang, I., Han, S. J., Kaur, G., Crane, C., & Parsa, A. T.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6-10
- ISSN
- 0967-5868 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3786731
- OpenAlex
- W2161737261
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 1.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P50CA097257)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- microglia, central nervous system immunity, tumor microenvironment, immunosuppression, antigen presentation, T cell receptor, major histocompatibility complex, antigen-presenting cells, microglial activation, glioma immunotherapy, blood-brain barrier, immune privilege
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Neoplasms, Cell Communication, Central Nervous System, Glioma, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Immunity, Innate, Immunologic Surveillance, Neuroimmunomodulation, Microglia, Adaptive Immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
