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The role of microglia in central nervous system immunity and glioma immunology
Open accessAbstract
The central nervous system (CNS) historically has been considered an immune-privileged organ, lacking a lymphatic system and shielded from the circulatory system by the blood-brain barrier. Microglia are an abundant portion of the CNS cell population, comprising 5% to 20% of the total glial cell population, and are as numerous as neurons. A crucial function of microglia is the ability to generate significant innate and adaptive immune responses. Microglia are involved in first line innate immunity of the CNS. Proper antigen presentation is critical in the generation of specific, durable responses by the adaptive immune system, and requires interaction between the T cell receptor and processed antigen peptide presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by the antigen presenting cells (APC). Microglia also have a large regulatory role in CNS immunity. Histopathologic studies of glioma tissue have consistently shown high levels of infiltrating microglia. Microglia are also localized diffusely throughout the tumor, rather than to the areas of necrosis, and phagocytosis of glioma cells or debris by microglia is not observed. Recent evidence indicates that glioma-infiltrating microglia/macrophages might be promoting tumor growth by facilitating immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment. When activated, microglia can be potent immune effector cells, able to perform a broad range of functions, and they mediate both innate and adaptive responses during CNS injury and disease while remaining quiescent in the steady state. Their versatility in bridging the gap between the immune-privileged CNS and the peripheral immune system, in addition to their significant numbers in gliomas, makes them an attractive candidate in immunotherapy for gliomas. An enhanced understanding of microglia-glioma interaction may provide better methods to manipulate the glioma microenvironment to allow the generation of a specific and durable anti-glioma immunity. The role of microglia in CNS immunity is reviewed, with a focus on key advances made in glioma immunology.
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“Microglia, the resident mononuclear phagocytes of the CNS, play key roles in immune surveillance and defense [39], synaptic remodeling [40], and homeostasis [41].”
From Untangling senescent and damage‐associated microglia in the aging and diseased brain (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
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Additional file 6 of Molecular and spatial heterogeneity of microglia in Rasmussen encephalitis
Westfall, J. J., Schwind, W. N., Sran, S., Navarro, J. B., Leonard, J., Pindrik, J. A., Pierson, C. R., Boué, D. R., Koboldt, D. C., Ostendorf, A. P., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21601437
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Additional file 4 of Molecular and spatial heterogeneity of microglia in Rasmussen encephalitis
Westfall, J. J., Schwind, W. N., Sran, S., Navarro, J. B., Leonard, J., Pindrik, J. A., Pierson, C. R., Boué, D. R., Koboldt, D. C., Ostendorf, A. P., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21601431
Additional file 7 of Molecular and spatial heterogeneity of microglia in Rasmussen encephalitis
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Additional file 8 of Molecular and spatial heterogeneity of microglia in Rasmussen encephalitis
Westfall, J. J., Schwind, W. N., Sran, S., Navarro, J. B., Leonard, J., Pindrik, J. A., Pierson, C. R., Boué, D. R., Koboldt, D. C., Ostendorf, A. P., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21601443
Additional file 3 of Molecular and spatial heterogeneity of microglia in Rasmussen encephalitis
Westfall, J. J., Schwind, W. N., Sran, S., Navarro, J. B., Leonard, J., Pindrik, J. A., Pierson, C. R., Boué, D. R., Koboldt, D. C., Ostendorf, A. P., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21601428
Additional file 2 of Molecular and spatial heterogeneity of microglia in Rasmussen encephalitis
Westfall, J. J., Schwind, W. N., Sran, S., Navarro, J. B., Leonard, J., Pindrik, J. A., Pierson, C. R., Boué, D. R., Koboldt, D. C., Ostendorf, A. P., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21601425
Additional file 10 of Molecular and spatial heterogeneity of microglia in Rasmussen encephalitis
Westfall, J. J., Schwind, W. N., Sran, S., Navarro, J. B., Leonard, J., Pindrik, J. A., Pierson, C. R., Boué, D. R., Koboldt, D. C., Ostendorf, A. P., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21601404
Orús-Alcalde, A., Børve, A., & Hejnol, A. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22611611
Orús-Alcalde, A., Børve, A., & Hejnol, A. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22611614
Additional file 9 of Molecular and spatial heterogeneity of microglia in Rasmussen encephalitis
Westfall, J. J., Schwind, W. N., Sran, S., Navarro, J. B., Leonard, J., Pindrik, J. A., Pierson, C. R., Boué, D. R., Koboldt, D. C., Ostendorf, A. P., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21601446
Orús-Alcalde, A., Børve, A., & Hejnol, A. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22611617
Additional file 1 of Molecular and spatial heterogeneity of microglia in Rasmussen encephalitis
Westfall, J. J., Schwind, W. N., Sran, S., Navarro, J. B., Leonard, J., Pindrik, J. A., Pierson, C. R., Boué, D. R., Koboldt, D. C., Ostendorf, A. P., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21601422
Orús-Alcalde, A., Børve, A., & Hejnol, A. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22611608
Orús-Alcalde, A., Børve, A., & Hejnol, A. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22611593
Orús-Alcalde, A., Børve, A., & Hejnol, A. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22611596
Additional file 11 of Molecular and spatial heterogeneity of microglia in Rasmussen encephalitis
Westfall, J. J., Schwind, W. N., Sran, S., Navarro, J. B., Leonard, J., Pindrik, J. A., Pierson, C. R., Boué, D. R., Koboldt, D. C., Ostendorf, A. P., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21601407
Kim, K.-W., Lee, Y., Yoon, D., Kim, G., & Lee, D. Y. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22613510
Orús-Alcalde, A., Børve, A., & Hejnol, A. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22611587
Additional file 5 of Molecular and spatial heterogeneity of microglia in Rasmussen encephalitis
Westfall, J. J., Schwind, W. N., Sran, S., Navarro, J. B., Leonard, J., Pindrik, J. A., Pierson, C. R., Boué, D. R., Koboldt, D. C., Ostendorf, A. P., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21601434
Zantinge, D. C., Havekes, R., Meerlo, P., & Gervais, N. J. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27340-7.00009-7
Metadata
- Authors
- Yang, I., Han, S. J., Kaur, G., Crane, C., & Parsa, A. T.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6-10
- ISSN
- 0967-5868 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3786731
- OpenAlex
- W2161737261
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 1.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P50CA097257)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- microglia, central nervous system immunity, tumor microenvironment, immunosuppression, antigen presentation, T cell receptor, major histocompatibility complex, antigen-presenting cells, microglial activation, glioma immunotherapy, blood-brain barrier, immune privilege
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Neoplasms, Cell Communication, Central Nervous System, Glioma, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Immunity, Innate, Immunologic Surveillance, Neuroimmunomodulation, Microglia, Adaptive Immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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