Entrepreneurship and role models

“Having a mentor increases an entrepreneur’s performance (Ozgen and Baron, 2007; Bosma et al., 2012) and their presence in a region increases overall firm formation and survival rates (Lafuente et al., 2007).”

“Boyd and Vozikis (1994), in turn, develop Bird’s (1988) model and make it converge with the TPB model, although this was not their specific objective.”

“2014), the research in regional entrepreneurship is well established (Marshall 1920; Saxenian 1994; Audretsch et al. 2006; Stam 2008, 2014; Bosma et al. 2012).”

“Similarly, Paice and colleagues (2002) note that “excellent role models will always inspire, teach by example, and excite admiration and emulation” (p. 707; see also Almquist & Angrist, 1971; Basow & Howe, 1980; Bell, 1970; Bosma et al., 2012; Gibson & Cordova, 1999).”

“Training on the job also exposes nascent entrepreneurs to successful role models (Bosma et al., 2012) whom they can emulate or rely on for guidance and advice.”

“Recent research has demonstrated the importance of role models and peer-effects that may partly explain the persistence of such a culture (BOSMA et al., 2012; CHLOSTA et al., 2012; DOHMEN et al., 2012; LASPITA et al., 2012).”

“For this reason, initial works on the link between role models and entrepreneurial intentions have focused on parental role models and, recently, non-family role models have been considered (Bosma et al., 2012).”

“…some studies shift the spotlight away from parents and spouse to friends, colleagues, and neighbors, suggesting that this influence may also matter (Djankov et al., 2006; Stuart and Ding, 2006; Lafuente et al., 2007), namely though the role model channel (for a discussion, see Bosma et al., 2012).”

“Entrepreneurship ecosystem typology, entrepreneurship types and regional development Location decisions are central to entrepreneurial activity (Bosma & Sternberg, 2014; Glaeser et al., 2015), which suggests that entrepreneurs of different types may start their business and grow if their need to…”

“However, thus far, entrepreneurial role models remain under-explored in the literature (Bosma et al. 2012; Eriksson-Zetterquist 2008).”

“Such mechanisms also affect the family, university, neighborhood, and the regional level in general (e.g., Bosma et al., 2012; Chlosta et al., 2012; Fornahl, 2003; Kacperczyk, 2013; Minniti, 2005; Krueger et al., 2000; van Auken et al., 2006; Arenius and Minniti, 2005; Davidsson and Honig, 2003;…”

“For entrepreneurship, the role of business models is to provide individual spiritual incentives and behavioral guidance, which has an important impact on individual entrepreneurship activities (Bosma et al., 2012).”

“Entrepreneurs tend to have role models of the same gender (Bosma et al., 2011).”

“An individual’s decision to engage in a particular type of behaviour is often influenced by the opinions and actions of others, the way in which others demonstrate their identities and the example provided by others (Ajzen, 1991; Akerlof and Kranton, 2000; Bosma et al., 2012).”

“This is the case, for instance, employment experience – a relevant source of information, skilldevelopment and knowledge that may be relevant to the start-up decision (Dahlqvist et al., 2000) – or role models – facilitating vicarious learning (Bosma et al., 2012).”

“In a recent study of 292 Dutch entrepreneurs, Bosma et al. (2012) find support for the importance of role models more generally (not just parental role models); 54 % of the entrepreneurs had role models before or shortly after firm start-up, and these were viewed by one-third to be important for…”

“…Lehmann 2006; Baumol and Strom 2007), cultural values (Tiessen 1997; Welter 2012), formal institutions (Bjørnskov and Foss 2010; Kreft and Sobel 2005; McMullen, Bagby, and Palich 2008; Nystr€om 2008), and even post-materialistic values (Uhlaner and Thurik 2010) and role models (Bosma et al. 2012).”

“Walter and Dohse [29] argue that social networks play an important role in transferring tacit knowledge regarding how to seize entrepreneurial opportunities, with parental role models serving as a substitute for tacit knowledge obtained through entrepreneurial experience [28].”

“BOSMA et al. (2012) raise similar arguments when they discuss the importance of role models and peer effects.”

“In the context of entrepreneurship, Bosma et al. (2012) proposed that potential entrepreneurs seek role models who occupy a more desirable position, which is required for role identification, and who possess the qualifications required for a teaching function.”

“These variables have been used in prior studies on entrepreneurial activity (e.g., Lafuente et al., 2007; Driga, Lafuente, & Vaillant, 2009; Autio & Acs, 2010; Bosma et al., 2012).”

“Social interactions with entrepreneurs help to mitigate the frictions related to uncertainty, and ease the practice of entrepreneurship and the start-up process (Minniti 2005; Bosma et al., 2012), but are likely to be less prevalent in deprived neighbourhoods where there are fewer entrepreneurs.”

“…exposure to parental role models may be different on men than on women, depending on the existence of maternal role models or paternal role models (Bosma et al. 2012; Greene, Han, and Marlow 2013; Hoffmann, Junge, and Malchow-Møller 2015), a question that would be interesting to analyze in future…”

“…Hamilton 2011; Konopaski, Jack, and Hamilton 2015; Pittaway and Thorpe 2012) and particularly how entrepreneurs learn through observing individuals with whom they interact in social contexts and who are often referred to as role models (Bosma et al. 2012; Hoffmann, Junge, and Malchow-Møller 2015).”

“In line with previous studies (Bosma et al. 2012; Krueger and Brazeal 1994; Vohora, Wright, and Lockett 2004), it is argued that crucial role models play an important role in the development of perceptions of the desirability and feasibility of opportunities, and thus furthering a transition from the initial internati…”

“For instance, previous studies indicate that entrepreneurs develop expectations of their success, in part, by observing the experiences of other founders and ventures that they perceive as similar to them (Bosma et al. 2012).”

“Individuals who have observed the passionate leaders closely learn from them that certain goals can be achieved (Bosma et al., 2012).”

“nascent entrepreneurial activities (Vaillant and Lafuente, 2007), while on the other hand those who have personal knowledge of other entrepreneurs are more likely to initiate nascent entrepreneurial activities (Lafuente et al., 2007; Bosma et al., 2012).”

“Surveys of new entrepreneurs in the Netherlands in the retail, hotel and restaurant sectors and business services find that one-third of entrepreneurs would not have started their businesses without their role model (Bosma et al., 2012).”

“Although the ecosystem literature generally acknowledges that successful role models can inspire future entrepreneurs (Bosma et al. 2012; Roundy 2019; Isenberg 2010), findings from Santiago suggest that entrepreneurial role models represent achievable, small-scale success rather than exceptional,…”

“As a consequence, entrepreneurs are willing to learn from their role models and emulate their experiences (Bosma et al., 2012; Adesola et al., 2019; Choukir et al., 2019).”

“Moreover, Colombo and Grilli (2005) show that education in science and technology had little effect on entrepreneurial outcome compared with education in economic and managerial fields.”

“Entrepreneurs learn from their own experience (Cope 2011; Toft-Kehler, Wennberg, and Kim 2014; Ucbasaran, Wright, and Westhead 2003) and from the example of others (Bosma et al. 2012; Nanda and Sørensen 2010; Zozimo, Jack, and Hamilton 2017).”

“The results of this research are in the same line as those of Bosma et al. (2012), Tarling et al (2016) and Branir & Hutchins (2011).”

“There is also a need to promote role models, in the form of successful female entrepre-neurs, by offering them official roles to disseminate information about the advantages of entrepreneurship amongst women in the public spheres (Bosma et al., 2012).”

“This gives credit to the effect of entrepreneurial role models in which there is a perceived similarity in the dyad (Ensher and Murphy, 1997), instead of real similarity as in same gender or previous experience (Bosma et al., 2012).”

“…as mentors, providing professional and psychological support (Bozeman and Feeney 2007; Eby 1997) and role models “who set examples to be emulated by others and who may stimulate or inspire other individuals to make certain (career) decisions and achieve certain goals” (Bosma et al. 2012, p. 410).”

“According to the 2011 data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (Bosma et al., 2012b), Finland has a below-average percentage of the adult population engaged in entrepreneurial activity (Finnish TEA rate = 6.3%, average TEA rate across innovation-driven economies = 6.9%).”

“…live a more balanced life are revealed as significant drivers of female entrepreneurial motivation (Konrad and Langton, 1991; Morris et al. , 2006; Bosma et al. , 2011; McGowan et al. , 2012; Jayawarna et al. , 2013), and female entrepreneurs usually attach more importance to community impact…”

“This is contrary to the findings of some scholars (Bosma et al. 2012; Chlosta et al. 2012; Kolvereid and Moen 1997; Reynolds 1987).”

“This reduces ambiguity in decision-making (Minniti, 2005) and offers guidance for future actions (Bosma et al., 2012).”

“They concluded that exposure to positive experiences of family business and parental business role models grows inner confidence, reduces uncertainty and lessens fear of business failure (Bosma et al., 2012).”

“Firm-level agency is not limited to fi rms as such but includes individuals engaged in fi rm-level actions such as startup formation (Grillitsch et al., 2022a; Isaksen et al., 2019) and acting as entrepreneurial role models (Bosma et al., 2012).”

“Networks offer, for instance, successful entrepreneurial role models (Bosma et al., 2012).”

“A detailed description of the GEM methodology and data can be found in Bosma et al. (2012a).”

“…importance of mentors is widely recognised across many fields (Allen et al., 2004; Gibson, 2004), and is particularly important in terms of building civic engagement (Emmett, 2004), entrepreneurial competence (Bosma et al., 2012) and context-specific agricultural success (Haggblade et al., 2015).”

“As indicated earlier, role models are common references to individuals who set examples to be emulated by others and who may stimulate or inspire other individuals to make certain decisions (Bosma et al. 2012; Shapiro, Haseltine, and Rowe 1978).”

“The influence of others is often crucial in the decision to become an entrepreneur (Bosma et al. 2012).”