The Relational Organization of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Open accessAbstract
Entrepreneurial ecosystems have emerged as a popular concept to explain the persistence of high–growth entrepreneurship within regions. However, as a theoretical concept ecosystems remain underdeveloped, making it difficult to understand their structure and influence on the entrepreneurship process. The article argues that ecosystems are composed of 10 cultural, social, and material attributes that provide benefits and resources to entrepreneurs and that the relationships between these attributes reproduce the ecosystem. This model is illustrated with case studies of Waterloo, Ontario, and Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The cases demonstrate the variety of different configurations that ecosystems can take.
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The development, reproduction, and outputs of entrepreneurial ecosystems depend on the social ties between actors.
“The development, reproduction, and outputs of entrepreneurial ecosystems depend on the social ties between actors (Spigel, 2017).”
From Toward an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research Program (2022) · cites this paper as Spigel, 2017
Section 2.3 describes social networks and preexisting ties among entrepreneurs, investors, and other actors as important sources of resources for new ventures. But section 2.4 says ecosystems develop and reproduce through interactions among cultural, social, and material attributes; in some configurations, a large local market drives the development of other attributes. The claim overstates the paper by making social ties the general basis of ecosystem development, reproduction, and outputs. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems is an increasingly popular idea.
“The concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems is increasingly popular idea (Audretsch & Link, 2019; Spigel, 2017; Spigel & Harrison, 2018).”
From Sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems: an emerging field of research (2021) · cites this paper as Spigel, 2017
Spigel (2017) demonstrates feedback mechanisms caused by supporting relationships between cultural, social, and material attributes and the reinforcing relationships that occur in turn.
“Spigel (2017), for example, demonstrates the feedback mech -anisms caused by supporting relationships between cultural, social, and material attributes and the reinforcing relationships that occur in turn.”
From Toward an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research Program (2022) · cites this paper as Spigel (2017)
The causal mechanisms that drive the evolution of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems might not be the same as for other territorial models of innovation.
“The implica -tion of this idea of the entrepreneur- led ecosystem is that the causal mechanisms that drive the evolution of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems might not be the same as for other territorial models of innovation (Spigel, 2017).”
From Toward an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research Program (2022) · cites this paper as Spigel, 2017
Ecosystem configurations can vary significantly.
“Ecosystem configurations can vary significantly and new policies/investments should develop support among underlying social and cultural attributes [53] Spigel (2017)”
From Toward an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research Program (2022) · cites this paper as Spigel (2017)
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- Authors
- Spigel, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Spigel, Ben
- ORCID
- Spigel, Ben
- Venue
- Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 49-72
- ISSN
- 1042-2587 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-6520
- OpenAlex
- W1585881858
- Cited by
- 2,257
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 356 · 2025: 311 · 2024: 299 · 2023: 238 · 2022: 242 · 2021: 259 · 2020: 201 · 2019: 162 · 2018: 116 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 142.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › University-Industry-Government Innovation Models
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Cultural Industries and Urban Development
- Keywords
- entrepreneurial ecosystems, high-growth entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, ecological characteristics, relational organization, entrepreneurial resources, ecosystem configuration, Waterloo, Ontario, Calgary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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