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Cited by 781Entrepreneurship Studies and InfluencesVocational and Entrepreneurial EducationMigration, Ethnicity, and Economy

Putting Entrepreneurship Education Where the Intention to Act Lies: An Investigation Into the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Behavior

Open access
Rauch, Andreas, Hulsink, Willem·2015·Academy of Management Learning & Education
DOI 10.5465/amle.2012.0293
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Abstract

The growing attention to entrepreneurship education has caused a debate about whether entrepreneurship education can affect entrepreneurial behavior. We use a quasi-experimental design, comparing a MSc entrepreneurship program with a comparison group from a MSc supply-chain management program to test the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education, relying on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The findings suggest that entrepreneurship education is effective. Specifically, students participating in entrepreneurship education show an increase in attitudes and perceived behavioral control. Furthermore, they have higher entrepreneurial intentions at the end of the program. Finally, entrepreneurial intentions mediate the effect of entrepreneurship education on subsequent behavior associated with the creation of new business ventures. These results suggest that entrepreneurship education emphasizes increasing antecedents of intentions and behavior.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5465/amle.2012.0293

Cites

92 of 92 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

13 of 67 cited sources checked · 7 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Behavioral outcomes revealed lower effect sizes compared to attitudes and intentions.

    “Moreover, behavioral outcomes revealed lower effect sizes compared to, for example, attitudes and intentions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Martin et al., 2013 source

      The results accompanying Table 3 (page unavailable) report a weighted correlation of .159 for entrepreneurship outcomes, compared with .109 for positive perceptions of entrepreneurship (including attitudes) and .137 for entrepreneurial intentions. Behavioral outcomes therefore had a higher, not lower, overall effect size than either example in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Only 7 studies measured behavior as an outcome variable.

    “More important, only 7 studies measured behavior as an outcome variable, assessing, for example, the number of start-up activities initiated (Souitaris et al., 2007) or the number of business ventures started (Kolvereid, 1996b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Martin et al., 2013 source
  • Premisecitation

    Souitaris et al. (2007) did not find support for the hypothesis that entrepreneurship education affects people's intentions and, thereby, their behavior.

    “Also important, Souitaris et al. (2007) did not find support for the hypothesis that entrepreneurship education affects people's intentions and, thereby, their behavior.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Souitaris et al., 2007 source

      The Executive Summary (p. 3) reports that the programme raised students’ entrepreneurial intentions, contrary to the claim that the authors found no support for an effect on intentions. It also reports that intention was not related to nascency at the end of the programme, so the proposed link to behavior was not supported. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    In the meta-analysis, only 11 studies used a pre-and posttest design that included a treatment and control group.

    “First, only 11 studies included in the meta-analysis used a pre-and posttest design that included a treatment and control group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Martin et al., 2013 source
  • Premisecitation

    Evaluation studies used as many as 16 variables to measure training outcomes, indicating theoretical arbitrariness.

    “Second, evaluation studies used as many as 16 variables to measure training outcomes, indicating a theoretical arbitrariness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Martin et al., 2013 source

      Section 3.4 (page unavailable) says the authors coded 42 samples on 25 items across five categories; it does not say evaluation studies used as many as 16 variables to measure training outcomes. Sections 5.1–5.2 discuss methodological rigor, but do not characterize the choice of outcome variables as theoretically arbitrary. Searches for the 16-variable figure and theoretical arbitrariness found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.70)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims. 29
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 24
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Even though 19 studies used the theory of planned behavior (TPB) or a related intention model to study the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education, only one evaluated entrepreneurial behavior.

    “For example, even though 19 studies used the theory of planned behavior (TPB) or a related intention model to study the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education, only one evaluated entrepreneurial behavior (Souitaris et al., 2007), even though behavior is the dependent variable in the original conceptualization of TPB (Ajzen, 1988).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Souitaris et al., 2007 source
    • cites Ajzen, 1988

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Entrepreneurship education is effective, with an average effect size of r = .201 across 42 independent samples (N = 16,657).

    “a recent meta-analysis of 42 independent samples (N 5 16,657) revealed that entrepreneurship education is useful, reporting an average effect size of r 5 .201(Martin, McNally, & Kay, 2013)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Martin, McNally, & Kay, 2013 source

      Table 3 (Additional information; page unavailable) supports a positive association and its subgroup counts sum to 42 coefficients and 16,657 participants. But it reports separate overall correlations of .217 for entrepreneurship-related human capital assets and .159 for entrepreneurship outcomes, not an average effect size of r = .201 across all 42. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies using pre-and posttest design with treatment and control group found significantly lower effect sizes compared to evaluation studies using a less-rigorous design, meaning effects of entrepreneurship education may have been overestimated in the empirical literature.

    “Notably, these studies found significantly lower effect sizes as compared to evaluation studies using a less-rigorous design, which means it is possible that the effects of entrepreneurship education have been overestimated in the empirical literature.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Martin et al., 2013 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Souitaris et al. (2007) measured entrepreneurial behavior right after course completion and reported nonsignificant relationships between education and behavior.

    “Souitaris et al. (2007) measured entrepreneurial behavior right after course completion and reported nonsignificant relationships between education and behavior.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Souitaris et al. (2007) source

      The Results (p. 20) report measuring nascency and start-up activities at the end of the course. But the nonsignificant relationship was between entrepreneurial intention and those behavioral measures, not between education and behavior. The Executive Summary (p. 3) likewise describes the null finding as an intention–nascency relationship. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Parents who are entrepreneurs serve as role models and increase entrepreneurship behavior.

    “there is evidence that parents who are entrepreneurs serve as role models and increase entrepreneurship behavior (Bosma, Hessels, Schutjens, Praag, & Verheul, 2012;Chlosta, Patzelt, Klein, & Dormann, 2012)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bosma, Hessels, Schutjens, Praag, & Verheul, 2012 source

      The Introduction reports a positive correlation between having entrepreneurial parents and becoming an entrepreneur, and says this is often interpreted as a parental role-model effect. It also identifies other possible explanations, so it does not establish that parents acting as role models increase entrepreneurial behavior. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Chlosta, Patzelt, Klein, & Dormann, 2012 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior studies have reported that preference levels of entrepreneurship are higher than actual levels of entrepreneurship, indicating that intentions do not necessarily result in entrepreneurial behavior.

    “prior studies have reported that preference levels of entrepreneurship are higher than actual levels of entrepreneurship, which also indicates that intentions do not necessarily result in entrepreneurial behavior (Blanchflower, Oswald, & Stutzer, 2001;Grilo & Irigoyen, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Blanchflower, Oswald, & Stutzer, 2001 source
    • cites Grilo & Irigoyen, 2006 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    While entrepreneurship education influences perceptions about entrepreneurship, there is less evidence suggesting that entrepreneurship education affects actual behaviors related to entrepreneurship.

    “While it is evident that entrepreneurship education influences perceptions about entrepreneurship, there seems to be less evidence suggesting that entrepreneurship education affects actual behaviors related to entrepreneurship.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The effect of people's intentions on their behavior may evolve over time, which would mean that longer time frames are required to more thoroughly test the effects of entrepreneurship education.

    “However, the effect of people's intentions on their behavior may evolve over time (Kolvereid & Moen, 1997), which would mean that longer time frames are required to more thoroughly test the effects of entrepreneurship education.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kolvereid & Moen, 1997 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Many studies are descriptive in nature and lack a stringent theoretical framework to evaluate the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education, and many studies using a theoretical framework applied it only partially.

    “Third, many studies are descriptive in nature and lack a stringent theoretical framework to evaluate the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education, and many studies using a theoretical framework applied it only partially.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Since entrepreneurship education affects the antecedents of intentions, it should also increase people's behavioral intention and entrepreneurial behavior.

    “Since entrepreneurship education affects the antecedents of intentions, it should also increase people's behavioral intention (Fayolle, 2006) and entrepreneurial behavior.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fayolle, 2006 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Attitudes can be changed by changing people's beliefs about the favorable outcome of entrepreneurial behavior.

    “For example, attitudes can be changed by changing people's beliefs about the favorable outcome of entrepreneurial behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Entrepreneurship education increases competencies and, thereby, increases perceived feasibility.

    “Moreover, entrepreneurship education increases competencies and, thereby, increases perceived feasibility (Krueger et al., 2000).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Krueger et al., 2000 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Our design has high external validity and allows for causal inferences.

    “Thereby, our design has high external validity and allows for causal inferences, generating new insights into the question of whether previously identified intentions actually lead to entrepreneurial behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The primary determinant of entrepreneurial intentions is a person's conviction that starting a business is a suitable career alternative.

    “For example, the primary determinant of entrepreneurial intentions is a person's conviction that starting a business is a suitable career alternative (Davidsson, 1995).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Davidsson, 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Entrepreneurship education should affect attitudes and perceived behavioral control and, thereby, affect intentions and entrepreneurial behavior.

    “Rather, entrepreneurship education should affect attitudes and perceived behavioral control and, thereby, affect intentions and entrepreneurial behavior.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    People's attitudes and perceived behavioral control will be changed by entrepreneurship education and that this change subsequently generates entrepreneurial intentions.

    “This means that people's attitudes and perceived behavioral control will be FIGURE 1 Research Model changed by entrepreneurship education and that this change subsequently generates entrepreneurial intentions (Fayolle, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fayolle, 2006 source
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The research model's causal chain runs from entrepreneurship education to the intervening constructs and then to the outcomes of entrepreneurship education.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    This can be accomplished by providing knowledge about accessing resources and dispelling spurious experiences of infeasibility.

    “This can be accomplished by providing knowledge about accessing resources and dispelling spurious experiences of infeasibility (van Gelderen et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites van Gelderen et al., 2008 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Davidsson (1995) has argued that the TPB is a model with which the question 'How does a person become an entrepreneur?' can be answered.

    “Davidsson (1995) has argued that the TPB is a model with which the all-pervading question within the field of entrepreneurship-“How does a person become an entrepreneur”?-can be answered.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Davidsson, 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The model does not consider subjective norms because the beliefs of friends and family cannot be influenced directly by entrepreneurship education.

    “The model does not consider subjective norms, which are part of the original TPB, because the beliefs of friends and family cannot be influenced directly by entrepreneurship education.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The beliefs of friends and family cannot be influenced directly by entrepreneurship education.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    There is some common ground in entrepreneurial behavior, which includes business planning, creating a new legal business entity, and providing and acquiring funding.

    “Although different scholars suggest various levels of entrepreneurial behavior, there is some common ground, which includes business planning, creating a new legal business entity, and providing and acquiring funding (Carter, Gartner, & Reynolds, 1996).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carter, Gartner, & Reynolds, 1996 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The TPB assumes that a behavior is best explained by an intention to try to perform the behavior.

    “The theory assumes that a behavior is best explained by an intention to try to perform the behavior (Ajzen, 1988: 132).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ajzen, 1988

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    TPB's validity has been proven in meta-analyses in organizational behavior and in the domain of entrepreneurship.

    “Its validity has been proven in meta-analyses in organizational behavior (Sheppard, Hartwick, & Warshaw, 1988), as well as in the domain of entrepreneurship (Krueger, 2009;Krueger, Reilly, & Carsrud, 2000;Schlaegel & Koenig, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Sheppard, Hartwick, & Warshaw, 1988 source
    • cites Krueger, 2009 source
    • cites Krueger, Reilly, & Carsrud, 2000 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Attitudes are determined by beliefs that a certain behavior will lead to a favorable outcome.

    “Attitudes are determined by beliefs that a certain behavior will lead to a favorable outcome.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The outcome of entrepreneurship education that prepares students to set up their own businesses is entrepreneurial behavior, an area that is as yet underresearched.

    “The outcome of this type of entrepreneurship education is entrepreneurial behavior-an area that is as yet underresearched (Bird, Schjoedt, & Baum, 2012;Pittaway & Cope, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bird, Schjoedt, & Baum, 2012 source
    • cites Pittaway & Cope, 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship can be enhanced by downplaying spurious beliefs about the downside of business venturing and failure.

    “Moreover, positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship can be enhanced by downplaying spurious beliefs about the downside of business venturing and failure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Perceived behavioral control reflects perceptions regarding behavior as personally controllable as well as notions relating to the ease or difficulty of initiating a behavior.

    “Finally, perceived behavioral control reflects perceptions regarding behavior as personally controllable as well as notions relating to the ease or difficulty of initiating a behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Subjective norms are determined by beliefs of important others about a certain behavior and the degree to which one tends to comply with these beliefs.

    “Subjective norms are determined by beliefs of important others (friends, family) about a certain behavior and the degree to which one tends to comply with these beliefs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A meta-analysis indicated that the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behavior and intentions, respectively.

    “A metaanalysis indicated that the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behavior and intentions, respectively (Armitage & Conner, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Armitage & Conner, 2001 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Various studies have used the theory to explain intentions to become an entrepreneur and entrepreneurial behavior, as well as the effects of entrepreneurship education.

    “Various studies have used the theory to explain intentions to become an entrepreneur (Krueger et al., 2000;Liñ án & Chen, 2009) and entrepreneurial behavior (Kautonen, van Gelderen, & Tornikoski, 2013), as well as the effects of entrepreneurship education (Athayde, 2009;Ferreira, Raposo, Rodrigues, Dinis, & do Paço, 2012;Liñ án et al., 2011;Mwasalwiba, 2010;Peterman & Kennedy, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Krueger et al., 2000 source
    • cites Liñ án & Chen, 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kautonen, van Gelderen, & Tornikoski, 2013 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The posttest was completed by 88 Entrepreneurship students and 54 Supply-Chain Management students, with experimental mortality of 8.3% and 5.3%, respectively.

    “the posttest (T2) was completed by 88 Entrepreneurship students and 54 Supply-Chain Management students (experimental mortality 8.3% and 5.3%, respectively).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The analyses controlled for age, gender, having a parent entrepreneur, and Time 1 values of the dependent variable.

    “Covariates were age, gender, and having parents who are entrepreneurs.”
    • Also stated in: § Controls · plain
      “Finally, we controlled for Time 1 values of the dependent variable in our regression analyses, which allowed us to test for causal effects (Cohen & Cohen, 1975).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cohen & Cohen, 1975

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies have indicated that men are more likely to develop the intention to start a business venture than women.

    “previous studies have indicated that men are more likely to develop the intention to start a business venture than women (Kolvereid & Moen, 1997)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kolvereid & Moen, 1997 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Intention models have been tested in different countries and replicated in different contexts.

    “Intention models have been tested in different countries and have been replicated in different contexts (Liñ án & Chen, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Liñ án & Chen, 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Our study relies on a quasi-experimental design, which allows us to examine the effect of entrepreneurship education as well as to determine whether there are differences in the pre-and posttest in the absence of a training intervention.

    “Since we cannot randomly assign students to entrepreneurship education (treatment condition) and to the comparison group, our study relies on a quasi-experimental design, which allows us to examine the effect of entrepreneurship education as well as to determine whether there are differences in the pre-and posttest in the absence of a training intervention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study relied on a quasiexperimental design and could not randomly assign participants to treatment and comparison conditions.

    “because we relied on a quasiexperimental design, we could not randomly assign participants to the treatment and comparison conditions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The assessment of start-up behavior was collected from 62 Entrepreneurship students and 12 Supply-Chain Management students, with response rates of 69.3% and 22.2%, respectively.

    “the assessment of start-up behavior was collected from 62 Entrepreneurship students and 12 Supply-Chain Management students (T3), representing a response rates of 69.3% and 22.2%, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The firms created by graduates from a single university (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) generated an estimated number of about a million jobs and sales of about $USD 164 billion worldwide.

    “Also of interest, the firms created by graduates from a single university (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) generated an estimated number of about a million jobs and sales of about $USD 164 billion worldwide (Roberts & Eesley, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Roberts & Eesley, 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Changing entrepreneurial intentions subsequently affects entrepreneurial behavior.

    “Thus, changing entrepreneurial intentions subsequently affects entrepreneurial behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: There exist mediation processes that are causal in nature and require longitudinal analysis.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Short time frames should be fine for training outcomes that can be affected in the short term, such as attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and intentions.

    “Because such short time frames should be fine for training outcomes that can be affected in the short term, such as attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and intentions, we conducted the posttest directly after the Foundation of Entrepreneurship course in Week 9.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Short time frames are fine for training outcomes that can be affected in the short term.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Age has been related both to intentions and to entrepreneurial behavior.

    “age has been related both to intentions (Morris & Venkatesh, 2000) and entrepreneurial behavior (Reynolds, 1987)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Morris & Venkatesh, 2000 source
    • cites Reynolds, 1987 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The perceived behavioral control scale had Cronbach's alpha of .69 at T1, .83 at T2, and .69 at T3.

    “Cronbach's a for this measure was .69(T1), .83(T2), and .69(T3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There are regional and cross-country differences in entrepreneurial behavior.

    “there are regional and cross-country differences in entrepreneurial behavior (Reynolds et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Reynolds et al., 2005 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    We chose a follow-up 18 months after the posttest because the master's program is a 12-month program, but because many students do not manage to complete their master's degree within 12 months, we chose a longer time frame to make sure that most of the students included in our study completed this program.

    “We chose a follow-up 18 months after the posttest was conducted because the master's program is a 12-month program, but because many students do not manage to complete their master's degree within 12 months, we chose a longer time frame to make sure that most of the students included in our study completed this program.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Many students do not manage to complete their master's degree within 12 months.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Providing entrepreneurship education in a business school environment is a valuable element of university policy.

    “To summarize, our work here shows that providing entrepreneurship education in a business school environment is a valuable element of university policy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The attitude scale was internally consistent, with Cronbach's alpha of .94 at T1, .97 at T2, and .94 at T3.

    “The scale to measure attitude was internally consistent with Cronbach's alphas of .94(T1), .97(T2), and .94(T3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
45 of 45

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    TPB provides a defined set of criteria and instruments.

    “Moreover, TPB provides a defined set of criteria and instruments.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Intentions are a motivation to engage in certain behavior, and intentions can be influenced.

    “As such, intentions are assumed to be a motivation to engage in certain behavior, and intentions can be influenced.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The research model's causal chain runs from entrepreneurship education to the intervening constructs and then to the outcomes of entrepreneurship education.

    “Our research model assumes a causal chain from entrepreneurship education to the intervening constructs and then to the outcomes of entrepreneurship education (Figure 1).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    There exist mediation processes that are causal in nature and require longitudinal analysis.

    “Accordingly, we assume the existence of mediation processes that are causal in nature and that require longitudinal analysis.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The beliefs of friends and family cannot be influenced directly by entrepreneurship education.

    “The model does not consider subjective norms, which are part of the original TPB, because the beliefs of friends and family cannot be influenced directly by entrepreneurship education.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The belief that becoming an entrepreneur is a realistic possibility is a key predictor of people's intentions.

    “In addition, the belief that becoming an entrepreneur is a realistic possibility is also a key predictor of people's intentions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Short time frames are fine for training outcomes that can be affected in the short term.

    “Because such short time frames should be fine for training outcomes that can be affected in the short term, such as attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and intentions, we conducted the posttest directly after the Foundation of Entrepreneurship course in Week 9.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many students do not manage to complete their master's degree within 12 months.

    “We chose a follow-up 18 months after the posttest was conducted because the master's program is a 12-month program, but because many students do not manage to complete their master's degree within 12 months, we chose a longer time frame to make sure that most of the students included in our study completed this program.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Reactions on the part of the comparison group did not affect the study's results.

    “which is why we assume that reactions on the part of the comparison group did not affect our results.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The overlap between entrepreneurship and supply-chain management is very limited.

    “In contrast, the overlap between entrepreneurship and supply-chain management is very limited.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The supply-chain management program has a different teaching methodology than the entrepreneurship program.

    “Second, the supply-chain management program has a different teaching methodology than the entrepreneurship program.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The participants in the study were in a relatively early stage of the entrepreneurial process.

    “the participants in our study were in a relatively early stage of the entrepreneurial process.”
12 of 12

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Treatment-group follow-up response rate does not match the stated count

    Minor

    The stated 62 follow-up responses out of 88 posttest participants give a response rate of 70.45%, not 69.3%. The reported percentage instead matches 61 out of 88.

    Reported 69.3 · recomputed 70.454545

  • Follow-up treatment-group count differs between text and table

    Minor

    The sample description reports 62 entrepreneurship students at follow-up, whereas Table 4 reports 61. The table's count also agrees with the stated follow-up total of 73 when combined with the 12 comparison students.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 12

  1. Bhidé A., 1996, The road well travelled: A note on the journeys of HBS entrepreneurs
  2. Bøllingtoft A., 2005, Special Issue on Science Parks and Incubators, 20, 265
  3. Charney A. H., 2002, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1, 1
  4. Cohen J., 1975, Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral science
  5. Cook T. D., Campbell D. T., Peracchio L. 1990. Quasi experimentation. In M. D. Dunnette, & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology : 491–576. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  6. Edelman L., 2006, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 7, 57
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  10. Noel T. W., 2002, Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 5, 3
  11. Verduyn K., 2005, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 3, 229
  12. Weaver K. M., Dickson P. H., Solomon G. 2006. Entrepreneurship and education: What is known and what is not known about the links between education and entrepreneurial activity. In C. Moutray (Ed.), The small business economy: A report to the president: 113–156. Washington: SBA Office of Advocacy.

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Authors
Rauch, A., & Hulsink, W.
Affiliations
  • University of Groningen (NL)
  • Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
ORCID
Venue
Academy of Management Learning & Education
Publisher
Academy of Management
Published
2015-06
Volume
14
Issue
2
Pages
187-204
ISSN
  • 1537-260X (ISSN-L)
  • 1944-9585
DOI
10.5465/amle.2012.0293
OpenAlex
W2105786115
Semantic Scholar
e7ac9e973429dd7d3005f6fbbe223795e5866087
Cited by
781
References
88
Citations by year
2026: 67 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
FWCI
39.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
other-oa
Locations
  • Academy of Management Learning and Education (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences
  • Social Sciences › Education › Vocational and Entrepreneurial Education
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy
Keywords
entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial behavior, entrepreneurial intention, theory of planned behavior, attitudes, perceived behavioral control, startups, mediation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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