Assessing the potential of decarbonization options for industrial sectors
Open accessAbstract
Industry emits around a quarter of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper presents the first comprehensive review to identify the main decarbonization options for this sector and their abatement potentials. First, we identify the important GHG emitting processes and establish a global average baseline for their current emissions intensity and energy use. We then quantify the energy and emissions reduction potential of the most significant abatement options, as well as their technology readiness level (TRL). We find that energy-intensive industries have a range of decarbonization technologies available with medium to high TRLs, and mature options also exist for decarbonizing low-temperature heat across a wide range of industrial sectors. However, electrification and novel process change options to reduce emissions from high-temperature and sector-specific processes have much lower TRLs in comparison. We conclude by highlighting important barriers to the deployment of industrial decarbonization options and identifying future research, development, and demonstration needs.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The economic viability of electrifying process heat, haul trucks, processing equipment, and hydrogen use also heavily depends on electricity prices.
“The economic viability of electrifying process heat, haul trucks, processing equipment, and hydrogen use also heavily depends on electricity prices. 21”
From Decarbonizing lithium-ion battery primary raw materials supply chain (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
(2022) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1231/1/011001 · Cited by 12,131 · see citing works
Rissman, J., Bataille, C., Masanet, E., Aden, N., Morrow, W. R., Zhou, N., Elliott, N., Dell, R., Heeren, N., Huckestein, B., et al. (2020) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114848 · Cited by 1,040 · see citing works
Bataille, C., Åhman, M., Neuhoff, K., Nilsson, L. J., Fischedick, M., Lechtenböhmer, S., Solano-Rodriquez, B., Denis-Ryan, A., Stiebert, S., Waisman, H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.107 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Low-carbon production of iron and steel: Technology options, economic assessment, and policy
Fan, Z., & Friedmann, S. J. (2021) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2021.02.018 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Gartner, E., & Sui, T. (2018) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.002 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Leeson, D., Dowell, N. M., Shah, N., Petit, C., & Fennell, P. S. (2017) · International journal of greenhouse gas control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.03.020 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Kim, J., Sovacool, B. K., Bazilian, M., Griffiths, S., Lee, J., Yang, M., & Lee, J. (2022) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2022.102565 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
A review on low carbon emissions projects of steel industry in the World
Zhang, X., Jiao, K., Zhang, J., & Guo, Z. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127259 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Alkaline fuel cell technology - A review
Ferriday, T. B., & Middleton, P. H. (2021) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.203 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
To decarbonize industry, we must decarbonize heat
Thiel, G. P., & Stark, A. K. (2021) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2020.12.007 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Large scale application of carbon capture to process industries – A review
Olabi, A. G., Wilberforce, T., Elsaid, K., Sayed, E. T., Maghrabie, H. M., & Abdelkareem, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132300 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Black liquor gasification integrated in pulp and paper mills: A critical review
Naqvi, M., Yan, J., & Dahlquist, E. (2010) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.013 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Cigolotti, V., Genovese, M., & Fragiacomo, P. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14164963 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Sun, M., Wang, Y., Shi, L., & Klemeš, J. J. (2018) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.036 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Physical and policy pathways to net‐zero emissions industry
Bataille, C. (2019) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.633 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Review of transportation hydrogen infrastructure performance and reliability
Kurtz, J., Sprik, S., & Bradley, T. H. (2019) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.027 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Sovacool, B. K., Bazilian, M., Griffiths, S., Kim, J., Foley, A. M., & Rooney, D. W. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.110856 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Rio, D. D. F. D., Sovacool, B. K., Griffiths, S., Bazilian, M., Kim, J., Foley, A. M., & Rooney, D. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112706 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Rio, D. D. F. D., Sovacool, B. K., Foley, A. M., Griffiths, S., Bazilian, M., Kim, J., & Rooney, D. W. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112081 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
A review of cross-sector decarbonisation potentials in the European energy intensive industry
Gerres, T., Ávila, J. P. C., Llamas, P. L., & Román, T. G. S. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.036 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Ibn-Mohammed, T., Randall, C. A., Mustapha, K. B., Guo, J., Walker, J., Berbano, S. S., Koh, S. C. L., Wang, D., Sinclair, D. C., & Reaney, I. M. (2019) · Journal of the European Ceramic Society · doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.08.011 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Industrial energy use and carbon emissions reduction in the iron and steel sector: A UK perspective
Griffin, P. W., & Hammond, G. P. (2019) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.148 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Collodi, G., Azzaro, G., Ferrari, N., & Santos, S. (2017) · Energy Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1533 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Furszyfer Del Rio, D. D., Sovacool, B. K., Foley, A. M., Griffiths, S., Bazilian, M., Kim, J., & Rooney, D. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111885 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Carbon intensity of global crude oil refining and mitigation potential
Jing, L., El-Houjeiri, H. M., Monfort, J., Brandt, A. R., Masnadi, M. S., Gordon, D., & Bergerson, J. A. (2020) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0775-3 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Rehfeldt, M., Worrell, E., Eichhammer, W., & Fleiter, T. (2019) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109672 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
An estimation of the European industrial heat pump market potential
Marina, A., Spoelstra, S., Zondag, H. A., & Wemmers, A. K. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110545 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
A review of decarbonization options for the glass industry
Zier, M., Stenzel, P., Kotzur, L., & Stolten, D. (2021) · Energy Conversion and Management X · doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2021.100083 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Kong, L., Hasanbeigi, A., & Price, L. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.116 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Griffiths, S., Sovacool, B. K., Kim, J., Bazilian, M., & Uratani, J. M. (2022) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2022.102542 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Decarbonization pathways of the Swiss cement industry towards net zero emissions
Obrist, M. D., Kannan, R., Schmidt, T. J., & Kober, T. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125413 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Decarbonising the lime industry: State-of-the-art
Simoni, M., Wilkes, M. D., Brown, S., Provis, J. L., Kinoshita, H., & Hanein, T. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112765 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Schneider, M., Hoenig, V., Ruppert, J., & Rickert, J. (2023) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107290 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Bottom-up estimates of deep decarbonization of U.S. manufacturing in 2050
Worrell, E., & Boyd, G. A. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129758 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Oliveira, M. C., Iten, M. D. C., Cruz, P. L., & Monteiro, H. (2020) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en13226096 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Enhancing the Faradaic efficiency of solid oxide electrolysis cells: progress and perspective
Gaikwad, P. S., Mondal, K., Shin, Y. K., van Duin, A. C. T., & Pawar, G. M. (2023) · npj Computational Materials · doi:10.1038/s41524-023-01044-1 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Carbon-negative cement manufacturing from seawater-derived magnesium feedstocks
Badjatya, P., Akca, A. H., Alvarez, D. V. F., Chang, B., Ma, S., Pang, X., Wang, E., van Hinsberg, Q., Esposito, D. V., & Kawashima, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2114680119 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Microwave sintering of ceramic materials
Karayannis, V. (2016) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/161/1/012068 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Progress in the CO2 Capture Technologies for Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Units—A Review
Güleç, F., Meredith, W., & Snape, C. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2020.00062 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
CO 2 emissions abatement in the Nordic carbon-intensive industry – An end-game in sight?
Rootzén, J., & Johnsson, F. (2015) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.029 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Atuonwu, J. C., & Tassou, S. A. (2020) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.011 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Decarbonisation strategies in industry: going beyond clusters
Rattle, I., Gailani, A., & Taylor, P. (2023) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-023-01313-4 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationPolicy and pricing barriers to steel industry decarbonisation: A UK case study
Richardson-Barlow, C., Pimm, A. J., Taylor, P., & Gale, W. F. (2022) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113100 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationMcPherson, N. (2019) · Ironmaking & Steelmaking Processes Products and Applications · doi:10.1080/03019233.2019.1703500 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mobarakeh, M. R., Silva, M. S., & Kienberger, T. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14041161 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Long-term energy efficiency and decarbonization trajectories for the Swiss pulp and paper industry
Obrist, M. D., Kannan, R., Schmidt, T. J., & Kober, T. (2022) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2021.101937 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Physical and policy pathways to net‐zero emissions industry
(2020) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.684 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bottom-up assessment of industrial heat pump applications in U.S. Food manufacturing
Zuberi, M. J. S., Hasanbeigi, A., & Morrow, W. R. (2022) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116349 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Comparison of kraft and ternary deep eutectic solvent pulping of scots pine
Gülsoy, S. K. (2023) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117596 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for 90% Post Combustion CO2 Capture From a New Build CCGT
Ferguson, S., & Tarrant, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2021.668431 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Electrolysis of Iron Ores: Most Efficient Technologies for Greenhouse Emissions Abatement
Cavaliere, P. D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21209-4_10 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Technological Pathways for Decarbonizing Petroleum Refining
Byrum, Z., Pilorgé, H., & Wilcox, J. L. (2021) · doi:10.46830/wriwp.21.00004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sohn, H. Y., Elzohiery, M., & Fan, D.-Q. (2021) · Journal of Energy and Power Technology · doi:10.21926/jept.2103042 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Springer, H., Filho, I. R. D. S., Choisez, L., Zarl, M. A., Quick, C., Horn, A., & Schenk, J. L. (2023) · Sustainable materials and technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00785 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cooper, S., Allen, S. R., Gailani, A., Norman, J., Owen, A., Barrett, J., & Taylor, P. (2023) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113904 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationThe chemical pulp mill as a flexible prosumer of electricity
Ingvarsson, S., Odenberger, M., & Johnsson, F. (2023) · Energy Conversion and Management X · doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2023.100401 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Assessment of Bioenergy as a CO2 Emission Reduction Strategy for European Iron and Steelmaking
Mandova, H. (2019) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- [6]6. [A ˚ hman, M. (2020). Perspective: Unlocking the ''Hard-to-Abate'' Sectors (Washington Research Institute).](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref6)
- [21]21. [Hasanbeigi, A., Kirshbaum, L.A., Collison, B., and Gardiner, D. (2021). Electrifying US Industry: Technology and Process-Based](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref21) <!-- image --> [Approach to Decarbonization (Renewable Thermal Collaborative).](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref21)
- [24]24. [Rootze ´ n, J., and Johnsson, F. (2015). CO2 emissions abatement in the Nordic carbonintensive industry - An end-game in sight? Energy 80 , 715-730.](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref24)
- [26]26. [Kearns, D., Liu, H., and Consoli, C. (2021). Technology Readiness and Costs of CCS (Global CCS Institute).](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref26)
- [41]41. [Rademaker, K., and Marsidi, M. (2019). Decarbonisation Options for the Dutch Paper and Board Industry (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency).](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref38)
- [49]49. [Keys, A., Van Hout, M., and Daniels, B. (2019). Decarbonisation Options for the Dutch Steel Industry (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency).](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref49)
- [50]50. [Berger, R. (2020). The Future of Steelmaking-How the European Steel Industry Can Achieve Carbon Neutrality (Roland Berger GmbH).](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref50)
- [54]54. Voestalpine, A.G. (2022). voestalpine researching into hydrogen plasma for green steel production in an international showcase project. https://www.voestalpine.com/ group/en/media/press-releases/2022-04-27voestalpine-researching-into-hydrogenplasma-for-green-steel-production-in-aninternational-showcase-project/.
- [57]57. [PBL (2021). The database - Manufacturing Industry Decarbonisation Data Exchange Network (TNO).](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref57)
- [60]60. [Batool, M., and Wetzels, W. (2019). Decarbonisation Options for the Dutch Fertiliser Industry (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency).](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref60)
- [72]72. [Schorcht, F., Kourti, I., Scalet, B.M., Roudier, S., and Sancho, L.D. (2013). Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the production of cement, lime and magnesium oxide 506 (European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies).](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref72)
- [78]78. [Hasanbeigi, A., and Springer, C. (2019). Deep Decarbonization Roadmap for the Cement and Concrete Industries in California (Global Efficiency Intelligence).](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref78)
- [81]81. [Somers, J., and Moya, J. (2020). Deep Decarbonisation of Industry: the Cement Sector. JRC120570.](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref81)
- [82]82. [Element Energy (2020). DeepDecarbonisation Pathways for UK Industry (Climate Change Committee).](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref82)
- [87]87. [Simoni, M., Wilkes, M.D., Brown, S., Provis, J.L., Kinoshita, H., and Hanein, T. (2022).](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2542-4351(24)00026-6/sref87)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of hydrogen in decarbonizing U.S. industry: A review
Zhu, Y., Keoleian, G. A., & Cooper, D. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.115392 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Decarbonizing lithium-ion battery primary raw materials supply chain
Istrate, R., Mas-Fons, A., Beylot, A., Northey, S., Vaidya, K., Sonnemann, G., Kleijn, R., & Steubing, B. (2024) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2024.10.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Technologies and gaps in deep decarbonization of hard-to-abate industrial sectors
Meng, J., Zhao, W., Li, J., Ma, S., Wu, X., Guo, S., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Nature Reviews Clean Technology · doi:10.1038/s44359-025-00082-w · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cluster Analysis of the Transition to Climate Neutrality in the European Union
Georgescu, L., Balsalobre‐Lorente, D., Zlati, M. L., Forțea, C., Antohi, V. M., & Bărbuță‐Mișu, N. (2025) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.70064 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Electrification and flexibility of process heat in energy system modelling: A review
Knorr, L., Buchenau, N., Schlosser, F., Divkovic, D., Prina, M. G., & Meschede, H. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.115698 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Phase change materials for thermal energy storage in industrial applications
Martínez, F. R., Borri, E., Kala, S. M., Ushak, S., & Cabeza, L. F. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41025 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Oh, S., & Al-Juaied, M. (2024) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2024.103777 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cost-motivated pathways towards near-term decarbonization of the cement industry
Ripley, K. M., Saadi, F. H., & Burke, Z. L. (2024) · RSC Sustainability · doi:10.1039/d4su00590b · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Simari, C. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30143048 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Schumm, L., Abdel-Khalek, H., Brown, T., Ueckerdt, F., Sterner, M., Parzen, M., & Fioriti, D. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62873-w · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hammond, J., Rosenberg, M., & Brown, S. (2025) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.273 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Yuan, Y., Zhang, L., Sun, J., Yan, S., Du, T., & Na, H. (2025) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108568 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Raillard--Cazanove, Q., Rogeau, A., & Girard, R. (2025) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.125206 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Decarbonization pathways for the pulp and paper industry: A comprehensive review
Joyo, F. H., Nastasi, B., & Garcia, D. A. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116070 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ren, X., Wang, J., Jiang, C., Liang, T., & Yang, S. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.138694 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Residual emissions and carbon removal towards Japan’s net-zero goal: a multi-model analysis
Sugiyama, M., Fujimori, S., Wada, K., Kato, E., Matsuo, Y., Nishiura, O., Oshiro, K., & Ôtsuki, T. (2024) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ad4af2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Recent trends in optimization models for industrial decarbonization
Tan, R. R., Migo-Sumagang, M. V., & Aviso, K. B. (2025) · Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.coche.2025.101118 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dua, R., & Shabaneh, R. (2025) · Energy Sustainable Development/Energy for sustainable development · doi:10.1016/j.esd.2025.101774 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Review of Challenges in Heat Exchanger Network Development for Electrified Industrial Energy Systems
Boldyryev, S., Іващук, О. С., Krajačić, G., & Atamanyuk, V. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18143685 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
González, M. E., BARRIOS, N. A., Venditti, R. A., & Pal, L. (2025) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.146196 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Karmakar, A., Karim, S., Biswas, R., & Dutta, A. (2025) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d5ta06281k · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Gomes, J. G., Sammarchi, S., Yang, Q., Yang, T., Chong, C. T., Sousa, A. M., Lim, J. S., & Li, J. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.134802 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Production of green steel from low-grade ores: An end-to-end techno-economic assessment
Alireza Rahbari, B., Shahabuddin, M. S., Sabah, S., Brooks, G. A., & Pye, J. (2025) · Cell Reports Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.crsus.2024.100301 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Electrification, flexibility or both? Emerging trends in European energy policy
Mellot, A., Moretti, C., Nuñez-Jimenez, A., Lindér, J., Moro, N., Powell, S., Markard, J., Winzer, C., & Patt, A. (2025) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114725 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Decarbonization pathways of Hard-to-Abate sectors through hydrogen blending solutions
Mazzoni, S., Vellini, M., & Gambini, M. (2026) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127420 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A pathway to decarbonizing cement manufacturing via solar-driven green hydrogen systems
Sapkota, S., Paudel, A., Choi, W., Ko, I., & Choi, J. (2025) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152508 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Assessing electricity network capacity requirements for industrial decarbonisation in Great Britain
Gailani, A., & Taylor, P. (2025) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114559 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationYan, Y., Yang, F., Zhang, H., Wang, N., Xu, Y., Cheng, J., Ge, Z., & Li, J. (2025) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120142 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Steel Decarbonization—from Optimization to Transformation
Algers, J., Åhman, M., & Nilsson, L. J. (2025) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-111523-101851 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Voglar, J., & Likozar, B. (2024) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.018 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Carbon abatement options for large iron and steel plants in India
Bhardwaj, N., Seethamraju, S., & Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144505 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Decarbonisation of industry and the energy system: Exploring mutual impacts and investment planning
Raillard--Cazanove, Q., Knibiehly, T., & Girard, R. (2025) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145511 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
How energy strategies are shaped by the correlation of uncertainties
Matas, A. F. R., Ruiz, C., Linares, P., & Bravo, M. P. (2025) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.125257 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chávez-Caiza, J., Navlani‐García, M., Fernández-Catalá, J., Bhardwaj, A., Lousada, C. M., Belova, L. M., Berenguer‐Murcia, Á., & Cazorla‐Amorós, D. (2025) · Catalysis Today · doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115273 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yan, S., Jia, G., Xu, W., Hu, S., Li, R., Zhang, X., & Cai, M. (2025) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2025.123094 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Abdelsamie, M. M., & Ali, M. I. H. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.165078 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The role of hydrogen offtaker regulation in highly renewable electricity systems
Schumm, L., Haas, J., Peer, R., & Sterner, M. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.139513 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Optimal scheduling of boiler electrification for process decarbonization
Lee, J., Foo, D. C. Y., Chen, C., & Tan, R. R. (2024) · AIChE Journal · doi:10.1002/aic.18626 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lotz, M. T., Al‐Dabbas, K., Rehfeldt, M., Herbst, A., Fleiter, T., & Worrell, E. (2025) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108306 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Heidari, M., Zhu, Y., Tsai, A., Keoleian, G. A., Kim, H. C., Kleine, R. D. D., Kelly, J., Shukla, S., & Cooper, D. R. (2025) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108654 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Carbon capture opportunities and challenges for CO₂ utilization in next generation e-fuels
Ahmad, A., Almayeef, A. A., Alsuwaylih, M., Ali, Z., & Alnasser, A. S. (2026) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2026.103415 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A key feedback loop: building electricity infrastructure and electrifying metals production
Daehn, K., Allanore, A., & Olivetti, E. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2023.0234 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Prospects for the development of hydrogen technologies: A study of projects in Europe and Australia
Bilous, L., Jones, A. W., & Natalini, D. (2025) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.395 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Xia, W., Wang, X., Tang, J., Li, M., Zhao, Y., Sun, X., Ren, X., Yang, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.169277 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The role of carbon capture in decarbonising EU industries: A review of projections for 2030 and 2050
Castilla, G. M., & Jaxa-Rozen, M. (2025) · Carbon Capture Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100528 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rodriguez, S. R., Romero, O., & Guillén, M. (2025) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.5c07343 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Green Chemistry Benchmarking of Lignin Biorefining: A Perspective
Ekeoma, B. C., Agwu, K. A., Muojama, O. E., Arduengo, A. J., Bommarius, A. S., & Sheehan, J. D. (2026) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.5c07847 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jovet, Y., LEFEVRE, F., Laurent, A., & Clausse, M. (2024) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en17112602 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Opportunities for Emission Reduction in the Transformation of Petroleum Refining
Seijo-Bestilleiro, A. E., Arias-Fernández, I., Carro‐López, D., & Naveiro, M. (2025) · Fuels · doi:10.3390/fuels6030066 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rojas‐Luna, R., Cousins, L. S., Germaney, R., Gil‐Gavilán, D. G., Castillo‐Rodríguez, M., Osorio, D. A. G., Doughty, T. G., Esquivel, D., Creissen, C. E., & Roy, S. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c22269 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Al‐Dabbas, K., Clement, A., de Jerphanion, G., Fragoso, J., Lechtenböhmer, S., & Fleiter, T. (2026) · Energy Strategy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.esr.2025.102002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A comprehensive review of sector coupling as a strategy for power system flexibility
Seyyedeh-Barhagh, S., Khajeh, H., Laaksonen, H. J. J., Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B., & Hatziargyriou, N. D. (2026) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2026.117102 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
System‐level analysis of industrial electrification
Granacher, J., Geissler, C. H., & Maravelias, C. T. (2025) · AIChE Journal · doi:10.1002/aic.70142 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Social licence in principle and practice: industrial decarbonisation in regional clusters
Clery, D. S., Mander, S. L., & Gough, C. (2025) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2025.104187 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Clusters in context: Towards a typology of industrial decarbonisation initiatives
Rattle, I., & Taylor, P. (2025) · Geo Geography and Environment · doi:10.1002/geo2.70000 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationWolde, I., Famiglietti, A., Abbas, R., & Cardemil, J. M. (2025) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119825 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
König, R., Pregger, T., Kronshage, S., Jochem, P. E. P., McCall, B., Holtz, G., Vishwanathan, S. S., Fragkos, P. F., Teng, F., Smith, S. J., et al. (2025) · Energy Strategy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.esr.2025.101901 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Using firm-level supply chain networks to measure the speed of the energy transition
Stangl, J., Borsos, A., & Stefan Thurner, A. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-69358-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kraushaar‐Friesen, N., Bridge, G., & Kuchler, M. (2025) · Geo Geography and Environment · doi:10.1002/geo2.70033 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Energy policy-making in the European Union between past and present
Piano, S. L., & Saltelli, A. (2025) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2025.104296 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Policy and regulatory frameworks for decarbonization of the petroleum industry
Bardhan, A., Halari, D., Mishra, K., Sharma, S., & Saxena, A. K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-31524-4.00008-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Staying Competitive in Clean Manufacturing: Insights on Barriers from Industry Interviews
Nandy, P., Wenning, T., Botts, A., & Kansara, H. J. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17209233 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kou, X.-X., Giménez-Prades, P., Zhao, B.-C., Dong, Y.-X., Yan, H., Zhao, T., Mota-Babiloni, A., & Wang, R.-Z. (2026) · Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116410 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Galán‐Martín, Á., Cabrera-Jiménez, R., Bueno, S., Galán-Arboledas, R. J., & Guillén‐Gosálbez, G. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c12177 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Niu, Z., Li, Y., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2025.121004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vecchi, A., Zhang, Y., Davis, D., Jones, R., Smart, S., Greig, C. R., & Brear, M. J. (2026) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2026.115130 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
AI and Automation for Net-Zero Factories and Sustainable Manufacturing
Akhai, S., & Abbass, M. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-5756-0.ch006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vecchi, A., & Brear, M. J. (2026) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121453 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mazzoni, S., Pivetta, D., Tartufoli, D., Mondo, F. D., & Taccani, R. (2026) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2026.141860 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mišić, K., Flores, F., Duić, N., & Mikulčić, H. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132532 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Analysis of Sodium–Water Reaction as heat source for district heating and cooling
Abánades, A., Álvaro, Á. J., & Padrón, J. G. (2024) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2024.131842 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A holistic methodology for predictive modeling of total final energy use in Türkiye till 2030
Melikoğlu, M. (2025) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2025.124136 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Heidari, S. M., Zhu, Y., Tsai, A., Keoleian, G. A., Kim, H. C., Kleine, R. D. D., Kelly, J. C., Shukla, S., & Cooper, D. R. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5279786 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zabik, G., Birkelbach, F., & Hofmann, R. (2025) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119912 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A rational lens on prioritizing emission reductions via removal versus abatement
Mersch, M., Sendi, M., Markides, C. N., & Dowell, N. M. (2025) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2025.102040 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kwon, S., & Im, S.-K. (2025) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d5gc02106e · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Research on emission reduction investment strategies for low carbon technology enterprises
Li, J., Yang, T., & Shi, L. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324669 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhao, M., Cao, Y., He, Q., Li, Z., & Xiong, Y. (2026) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2026.03.017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Colombi, M., Colbertaldo, P., Romano, M. C., & Binotti, M. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.131466 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rahmat, Y., Drünert, F., Fleischmann, B., & Dietrich, R. (2026) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2026.140180 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Accuracy, robustness and comprehensibility – Challenges in bottom-up energy system models
Prina, M. G., & Noussan, M. (2026) · PLOS Climate · doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000890 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wolde, I., Starke, A. R., da Silva, A. K., & Cardemil, J. M. (2025) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2025.104237 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Production of Green Steel from Low-Grade Ores: An End-to-End Techno-Economic AssessmentPreprint
Alireza Rahbari, B., Ahmmad, S., Sabah, S., Brooks, G. A., & Pye, J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4861920
Abido, M. Y., Widyolar, B. K., Bhusal, Y., Brinkley, J. T., Winston, R., & Kurtz, S. (2024) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2024.112695
Zabik, G., Birkelbach, F., & Hofmann, R. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4884685
Role of Green Energy Materials in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
Ebaid, M., Makhlof, M. E. M., & Shehata, N. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15738-7.00110-0
Trendbericht Technische Chemie 2025
Röse, P. (2025) · Nachrichten aus der Chemie · doi:10.1002/nadc.20254149203
Abouaiana, A., & Khamis, A. (2025) · Innovative renewable energy · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82323-7_85
Utama, P. A., Gielbert, M. A., Revitasari, R., Reyseliani, N., & Purwanto, W. W. (2025) · Energy and Climate Change · doi:10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100202
da Silva, R. P. P., Okeke, I. J., Thirumaran, K., Mosalpuri, M., Samadi, F., Nimbalkar, S. U., & Cresko, J. W. (2025) · Energy Conversion and Management X · doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101181
Aerothermal Design and Metamodel-Assisted Optimization of High-Speed Drive Turbine
Johnson, R. E., Lotsios, N. S., Bonheure, M., Prinsier, J., Aissa, M. H., Geem, K. M. V., & Verstraete, T. (2025) · Journal of Turbomachinery · doi:10.1115/1.4069520
Chen, Y. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5610482
Optimal deployment of decarbonisation initiatives with multi-period consideration
Foo, D. C. Y., & Chew, C. H. (2025) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2025.108059
Lee, S., Kim, Y., Jeong, K., Cho, Y. H., Choi, H., Kang, S.-G., Jung, I., Kim, H., & Han, H. N. (2025) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115052
Tang, Y., Xu, J., Shen, M., Zuo, J., Yu, F., Tang, Y., Liu, T., Jin, H., Luo, Y., Qian, Q., et al. (2025) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-025-07041-2
Knorr, L., Horstmann, N., Braun, S., Divkovic, D., Schlosser, F., & Meschede, H. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5825146
Nagarajan, L., Gomathy, V., Natraj, N. A., & Kumar, U. A. (2025) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics · doi:10.1007/s10854-025-16277-7
Demi̇rel, Y. (2026) · Green energy and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97111-2_14
Rout, A., Lambert, S., Barteau, M. A., Wilhite, B. A., Green, M. J., & Sengupta, D. (2026) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.5c02346
Superior indicator for screening ionic liquid for CO2 capture with residual pressure energy recovery
He, M., Huang, S., Xu, X., Huang, W., Wang, Y., & Liu, X. (2026) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2026.137423
- Authors
- Gailani, A., Cooper, S., Allen, S., Pimm, A., Taylor, P., & Gross, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- UK Energy Research Centre (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gailani, Ahmed
- Venue
- Joule
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-03
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 576-603
- ISSN
- 2542-4351 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4391406497
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 15
- FWCI
- 9.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Joule (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Natural Environment Research Council
- UK Research and Innovation
- UK Energy Research Centre
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/R035288/1, EP/S029575/1)
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Energy Efficiency and Management
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Iron and Steelmaking Processes
- Keywords
- industrial decarbonization, greenhouse gas emissions, technology readiness level, energy-intensive industries, low-temperature heat, electrification, process change, high-temperature processes, emission intensity, energy consumption, deployment barriers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
