Cited by 757Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ResearchPain Mechanisms and TreatmentsMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): establishing clinically-significant values for identifying central sensitivity syndromes in an outpatient chronic pain sample

Open access

Neblett, Randy, Cohen, Howard, Choi, YunHee, Hartzell, Meredith M., Williams, Mark, Mayer, Tom G., Gatchel, Robert J.·2013·The Journal of Pain

DOI 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.11.012PMC PMC3644381

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Unlabelled Central sensitization (CS) is a proposed physiological phenomenon in which central nervous system neurons become hyperexcitable, resulting in hypersensitivity to both noxious and non-noxious stimuli. The term central sensitivity syndrome (CSS) describes a group of medically indistinct (or nonspecific) disorders, such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and irritable bowel syndrome, for which CS may be a common etiology. In a previous study, the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) was introduced as a screening instrument for clinicians to help identify patients with a CSS. It was found to have high reliability and validity (test-retest reliability = .82; Cronbach's alpha = .88). The present study investigated a cohort of 121 patients who were referred to a multidisciplinary pain center, which specializes in the assessment and treatment of complex pain and psychophysiological disorders, including CSSs. A large percentage of patients (n = 89, 74%) met clinical criteria for one or more CSSs, and CSI scores were positively correlated with the number of diagnosed CSSs. A receiver operating characteristic analysis determined that a CSI score of 40 out of 100 best distinguished between the CSS patient group and a nonpatient comparison sample (N = 129) (area under the curve = .86, sensitivity = 81%, specificity = 75%).Perspective The CSI is a new self-report screening instrument to help identify patients with CSSs, including fibromyalgia. The present study investigated CSI scores in a heterogeneous pain population with a large percentage of CSSs, and a normative nonclinical sample to determine a clinically relevant cutoff value.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.11.012

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine
ZWEIG, M. H., & Campbell, G. (1993) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/39.4.561 · Cited by 6,595
Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain
Woolf, C. J. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.030 · Cited by 4,771
The Development and Psychometric Validation of the Central Sensitization Inventory
Mayer, T. G., Neblett, R., Cohen, H. M., Howard, K. J., Choi, Y. H., Williams, M. J., Perez, Y., & Gatchel, R. J. (2011) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00493.x · Cited by 1,017
Fibromyalgia and overlapping disorders: The unifying concept of central sensitivity syndromes
Yunus, M. B. (2007) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.12.009 · Cited by 780
Central Sensitivity Syndromes: A New Paradigm and Group Nosology for Fibromyalgia and Overlapping Conditions, and the Related Issue of Disease versus Illness
Yunus, M. B. (2008) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2007.09.003 · Cited by 648
Myofascial trigger points show spontaneous needle EMG activity.
Hubbard, D. R., & Berkoff, G. M. (1993) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-199310000-00015 · Cited by 565
An Update on the Pathophysiology of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Bruehl, S. P., & Warner, D. S. (2010) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3181e3db38 · Cited by 442
Periodic limb movements in sleep: State-dependent excitability of the spinal flexor reflex
Nogués, M. A., Pardal, A., Barroso, F. A., & Gonzalez, J. V. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.55.8.1243 · Cited by 273
Myofascial pain syndromes and their evaluation.
Bennett, R. (2007) · Baillière's Best Practice & Research : Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2007.02.014 · Cited by 272
Periodic limb movements in sleep
Bara‐Jimenez, W., Aksu, M., Graham, B., Sato, S., & Hallett, M. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.8.1609 · Cited by 269

Show all 45 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, text rev. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., 2000
Yunus, 2000, Central Sensitivity Syndromes: A Unified Concept for Fibromyalgia and other Similar Maladies, J Indian Rheum Assoc, 8, 27
Zhu W, Zeng N: Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, associated confidence interval and ROC analysis with practical SAS Implementations. Available at: http://www.nesug.org/Proceedings/nesug10/hl/hl07.pdf. Accessed May 9, 2012

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 754

Risk factors for persistent pain after breast cancer surgery: a multicentre prospective cohort study
Tan, H. S., Plichta, J. K., Kong, A., Tan, C. W., Hwang, S. W., Sultana, R., Wright, M. C., Sia, A. T. H., Sng, B. L., & Habib, A. S. (2023) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.15958 · Cited by 21
“Higher scores are associated with greater degree of central sensitisation in patients with persistent pain [22].”
Background
High intensity training improves symptoms of central sensitization at six-month follow-up in persons with chronic nonspecific low back pain: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Verbrugghe, J., Agten, A., Stevens, S., Vandenabeele, F., Roussel, N. A., Verbunt, J., Goossens, N., & Timmermans, A. A. A. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2023.100496 · Cited by 26
Central sensitization as a predictive factor for the surgical outcome in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a multicenter prospective study
Akeda, K., Yamada, J., Takegami, N., Fujiwara, T., Murata, K., Kono, T., Sudo, T., Imanishi, T., Kurata, T., Kawakita, E., et al. (2023) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-023-07687-4 · Cited by 20
Application of a Clinical Approach to Diagnosing Primary Pain: Prevalence and Correlates of Primary Back and Neck Pain in a Community Physiatry Clinic
Schubiner, H. H., Lowry, W. J., Heule, M., Ashar, Y. K., Lim, M., Mekaru, S., Kitts, T., & Lumley, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2023.09.019 · Cited by 21
Central Sensitization and Neuropathic Pain Cumulatively Affect Patients Reporting Inferior Outcomes Following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Kim, M. S., Kim, J. J., Kang, K. H., Lee, J. H., & In, Y. (2023) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.23.00399 · Cited by 22
Influence of centrally mediated symptoms on functional outcomes after carpal tunnel release
Roh, Y. H., Kim, S., Gong, H. S., & Baek, G. H. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29522-3 · Cited by 20
Prospective comparative study of the effects of lidocaine on urodynamic and sensory parameters in bladder pain syndrome
Offiah, I., Dilloughery, E., McMahon, S. B., & O’Reilly, B. (2019) · International Urogynecology Journal · doi:10.1007/s00192-019-03892-2 · Cited by 20
Convergent validity and clinically relevant categories for the Dutch Central Sensitization Inventory in patients with chronic pain
van der Noord, R., Paap, D., & van Wilgen, C. P. (2018) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12119 · Cited by 21
The mediating effect of pain catastrophizing and perceived injustice in the relationship of pain on health-related quality of life in breast cancer survivors
Leysen, L., Cools, W., Nijs, J., Adriaenssens, N., Pas, R., van Wilgen, C. P., Bults, R., Roose, E. C. S., Lahousse, A., & Beckwée, D. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06011-4 · Cited by 20
Do “central sensitization” questionnaires reflect measures of nociceptive sensitization or psychological constructs? Protocol for a systematic review
Adams, G. R., Gandhi, W., Harrison, R. N., van Reekum, C. M., Gilron, I., & Salomons, T. V. (2021) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000962 · Cited by 19
“Assessments of CS, particularly the CSI, seem to have used this strong association to help determine characteristics of CS syndromes.(18,19) Although these assessments serve great utility in a diagnostic sense, we would like to explore the extent to which these questionnaires truly assess “increased responsiveness of…”
Method
Impact of Sex, Sleep, Symptoms of Central Sensitization, and Psychosocial Factors in Adolescents with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: An Exploratory Study
Andias, R., & Silva, A. G. (2022) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnac053 · Cited by 21
Sleep Quality Mediates the Effect of Sensitization-Associated Symptoms, Anxiety, and Depression on Quality of Life in Individuals with Post-COVID-19 Pain
Pacho-Hernández, J. C., Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Fuensalida‐Novo, S., Jiménez‐Antona, C., Ortega‐Santiago, R., & Cigarán‐Méndez, M. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12101363 · Cited by 18
Trait anxiety and sensory processing profile characteristics in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain and central sensitisation - A pilot observational study
Clark, J. R., Yeowell, G., & Goodwin, P. C. (2017) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.11.007 · Cited by 19
Characterization of migraineurs presenting interictal widespread pressure hyperalgesia identified using a tender point count: a cross-sectional study
Toriyama, T., Horiuchi, T., & Hongo, K. (2017) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-017-0824-0 · Cited by 21
Assessing Multisensory Sensitivity Across Scales: Using the Resulting Core Factors to Create the Multisensory Amplification Scale
Wang, D., Casares, S., Eilers, K., Hitchcock, S., Iverson, R., Lahn, E., Loux, M., Schnetzer, C., & Frey‐Law, L. (2021) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2021.07.013 · Cited by 19
“Analogously, the Central Sensitization Inventory, a self-report instrument aimed at identifying central sensitization through assessment of multiple pain condition symptoms, includes several items evaluating aspects of MSS, such as, “I am sensitive to bright lights”.(40) Accordingly, while MSS is not a measure of pain…”
Background
Understanding Sensitization, Cognitive and Neuropathic Associated Mechanisms behind Post-COVID Pain: A Network Analysis
Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Herrero‐Montes, M., Cancela‐Cilleruelo, I., Rodríguez‐Jiménez, J., Parás‐Bravo, P., Varol, U., Loarte, P. D. V., Flox-Benítez, G., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., & Valera‐Calero, J. A. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12071538 · Cited by 19
“Its score ranges from 0 to 100 points, where >40 points suggest the presence of sensitization-associated symptoms [19].”
Background
Central sensitization inventory is associated with psychological functioning but not with psychophysical assessment of pain amplification
Salbego, R. S., Conti, P. C. R., Soares, F. F. C., Ferreira, D. M. A. O., Herreira‐Ferreira, M., Netto, B. A. D. L., Costa, Y. M., & Bonjardim, L. R. (2024) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.4713 · Cited by 18
“Furthermore, its results are reliable and valid for quantifying the severity of painful symptoms (Scerbo et al., 2018) when compared to self-report questionnaires (Neblett et al., 2013) or patient characteristics using clinical criteria as a reference (Neblett et al., 2015).”
Systematic Review of Methods for Individual Prediction of Postoperative Pain
Mogianos, K., Åkeson, J., & Persson, A. K. M. (2025) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/prm/1331412 · Cited by 18
“Te Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) was developed to assess central sensitization [52].”
Central sensitization and beliefs among patients with chronic pain in a primary health care unit
Dionísio, G. H., Salermo, V. Y., & Padilha, A. (2020) · Brazilian Journal Of Pain · doi:10.5935/2595-0118.20200010 · Cited by 18
How to Distinguish Non-Inflammatory from Inflammatory Pain in RA?
Khot, S., Tackley, G., & Choy, E. (2024) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-024-01159-4 · Cited by 22
A preliminary study of the child abuse and central sensitization in adolescent patients with chronic non-organic chest pain and an overlooked condition: juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome
Mansız-Kaplan, B., Ayhan, F. F., Mihriban, C., Atík, F., & Ece, İ. (2020) · Pediatric Rheumatology · doi:10.1186/s12969-020-00421-0 · Cited by 18
Mapping research trends of temporomandibular disorders from 2010 to 2019: A bibliometric analysis
Bai, B., Bai, X., & Wang, C. (2021) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.13143 · Cited by 18
Polygenic Contributions to Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions in a Large Electronic Health Record Sample
Schirle, L. M., Samuels, D. C., Faucon, A. B., Cox, N. J., & Bruehl, S. P. (2023) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2023.01.018 · Cited by 16
Central Sensitization and Nociplastic Pain: Shared Mechanisms in Fibromyalgia, Osteoarthritis, and Inflammatory Arthritis
Hladkykh, F. V., Liadova, T., Matvieienko, M. S., Komorovsky, R., Smiyan, S., & Student, V. (2026) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s571311 · Cited by 22
Comorbid pain experiences in young women with dysmenorrhea
Gagnon, M. M., & Elgendy, R. (2020) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2020.1781741 · Cited by 18
“…were provided a list of common CSS, developed to represent conditions with research evidence of altered nociceptive response in the central nervous system (i.e., central sensitization), along with consensus across researchers as falling under the umbrella of CSS (Neblett et al. 2013; Yunus 2008).”
Background
Effect of pain neuroscience education and exercise on presenteeism and pain intensity in health care workers: A randomized controlled trial
Imai, R., Konishi, T., Mibu, A., Tanaka, K., & Nishigami, T. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12277 · Cited by 17
Evidence-based approaches for the management of fibromyalgia syndrome: a scoping review
Adams, N., McVeigh, J. G., Vargas, A. I. C., & Abokdeer, S. A. (2023) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1080/10833196.2022.2157945 · Cited by 24
Relationship between Physical Activity and Central Sensitization in Chronic Low Back Pain: Insights from Machine Learning
Zheng, X., Reneman, M. F., Preuper, R. H. S., Otten, E., & Lamoth, C. J. C. (2022) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107432 · Cited by 17
Cortical Mapping in Conventional and High Dose Spinal Cord Stimulation: An Exploratory Power Spectrum and Functional Connectivity Analysis With Electroencephalography
Goudman, L., Linderoth, B., Nagels, G., Huysmans, E., & Moens, M. (2019) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1111/ner.12969 · Cited by 17
“Total scores ≥40/100 have been suggested as indicative of the presence of “central sensitization” (29).”
Background
The influence of High Dose Spinal Cord Stimulation on the descending pain modulatory system in patients with failed back surgery syndrome
Groote, S. D., Goudman, L., Peeters, R. R., Linderoth, B., Schuerbeek, P. V., Sunaert, S. G., Jaeger, M. D., Smedt, A. D., Andrés, J. A. D., & Moens, M. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102087 · Cited by 17
Central Sensitisation and functioning in patients with chronic low back pain: protocol for a cross-sectional and cohort study
Echeita, J. A., Preuper, H. R. S., Dekker, R., Stuive, I., Timmerman, H., Wolff, A. P., & Reneman, M. F. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031592 · Cited by 18
Musculoskeletal Pain in Individuals With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Reflects Three Distinct Profiles
Falling, C., Stebbings, S. M., Baxter, D. G., Gearry, R. B., & Mani, R. (2019) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000698 · Cited by 17
“CSI has been validated to identify symptomology related to syndromes where the underlying aetiology is believed to be related to CS [30, 31].”
Method
Interrelationships of disease activity, central sensitization, psychosocial and lifestyle factors in axial spondyloarthritis
Kieskamp, S. C., van der Kraan, Y. M., Arends, S., Wink, F., Bos, R., Stewart, R. E., Paap, D., & Spoorenberg, A. J. P. L. (2025) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaf102 · Cited by 17
“With the cutoff score of ≥ 40, the CSI has 81% sensitivity and 75% specificity for syndromes strongly associated with central sensitization such as chronic low back pain, FM and irritable bowel syndrome [37].”
Prevalence of Central Sensitization in Patients With Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Aarts, P., Aitken, J. J., & van Straalen, K. R. (2021) · JAMA Dermatology · doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.2918 · Cited by 16
Infraslow Neurofeedback Training Alters Effective Connectivity in Individuals with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Secondary Analysis of a Pilot Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study
Adhia, D. B., Mani, R., Turner, P. R., Vanneste, S., & Ridder, D. D. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12111514 · Cited by 15
The effectiveness of a combined exercise and psychological treatment programme on measures of nervous system sensitisation in adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain - a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Deegan, O., Fullen, B. M., Segurado, R., & Doody, C. (2024) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07274-8 · Cited by 17
“The baseline CSI scores in these two studies suggest that the cohorts included in these studies consisted of centrally sensitised individuals, with cut off scores of > 40 on the CSI indicating the presence of CS [78].”
The problem of residual pain in the assessment of rheumatoid arthritis activity
Motyl, G., Krupka, W. M., & Maślińska, M. (2024) · Reumatologia/Rheumatology · doi:10.5114/reum/189779 · Cited by 17
The treatment of central sensitization in an adolescent using pain neuroscience education and graded exposure to activity: A case report
Pack, R., Gilliland, R., & Mecham, A. (2018) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2018.1551454 · Cited by 16
Pelvic floor muscle tenderness on digital palpation among women: convergent validity with central sensitization
Vandyken, B., Keizer, A., Vandyken, C., Macedo, L. G., Kuspinar, A., & Dufour, S. P. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2020.05.013 · Cited by 16
“A cut off score of 40 on Part A of the questionnaire has been found to correlate with central pain mechanisms in individuals with persistent pain.(27) Two hallmark signs of central pain mechanisms are tenderness with light touch (allodynia) and increased pain with firm pressure (pressure hyperalgesia).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Evaluation of Central Sensitization Inventory in Patients Undergoing Elective Spine Surgery in a Multicenter Study
Akeda, K., Yamada, J., Takegami, N., Fujiwara, T., Murata, K., Kono, T., Sudo, T., Imanishi, T., Asanuma, Y., Kurata, T., et al. (2021) · Global Spine Journal · doi:10.1177/21925682211047473 · Cited by 16
Sensitivity to movement‐evoked pain, central sensitivity symptoms, and pro‐nociceptive profiles in people with chronic shoulder pain: A parallel‐group cross‐sectional investigation
Othman, R., Swain, N., Tumilty, S., Jayakaran, P., & Mani, R. (2022) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13152 · Cited by 17
Central Sensitization Inventory Mediates the Relationship Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity and Worse Musculoskeletal Pain Experiences
Falling, C., Stebbings, S. M., Baxter, D. G., Gearry, R. B., & Mani, R. (2019) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12821 · Cited by 16
“Higher CSI scores indicate increased symptomology related to central sensitization, with scores ≥ 40 indicating the presence of central sensitivity syndromes.(15,16)”
BackgroundMethod
Imaging Brain Mechanisms of Functional Somatic Syndromes: Potential as a Biomarker?
Kano, M., Oudenhove, L. V., Dupont, P. J., Wager, T. D., & Fukudo, S. (2020) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.250.137 · Cited by 17
Slowly repeated evoked pain (SREP) as a central sensitization marker in episodic migraine patients
de la Coba, P., Bruehl, S. P., & del Paso, G. A. R. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84157-1 · Cited by 16
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome or Limb Pain: A Plea for a Critical Approach
Terkelsen, A. J., & Birklein, F. (2022) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s351099 · Cited by 15
“The central sensitization inventory may be helpful to get an idea for such a differential diagnosis.(26) Protection or guidance of the CRPS extremity can lead to inappropriate overuse of contralateral joints, overuseinduced nerve entrapment (eg, contralateral carpal tunnel syndrome)(27) or myofascial pain because of n…”
Background
Construct validity of Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) treatment target cut-offs in a BASDAI treat-to-target axial spondyloarthritis cohort: a cross-sectional study
Michielsens, C. A. J., Bolhuis, T. E., van Gaalen, F. A., van den Hoogen, F., Verhoef, L. M., den Broeder, N., & den Broeder, A. A. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.1080/03009742.2023.2213509 · Cited by 16
“A sum score > 40 classifies patients with central sensitization (21).”
Background
Treatment of hemiplegic migraine with anti‐calcitonin gene‐related peptide monoclonal antibodies: A case series in a tertiary‐care headache center
Danno, D., Ishizaki, K., Kikui, S., & Takeshima, T. (2023) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.14591 · Cited by 15
Pelvic organ prolapse: Women’s experiences of Accessing Care & Recommendations for improvement
Carroll, L., Sullivan, C. O., Doody, C., Perrotta, C., & Fullen, B. M. (2023) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02832-z · Cited by 22
“Validated patient-reported outcome measures (Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) [22] and Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quality of Life Questionnaire (P-QOL) [23, 24] were completed by participants.”
Method
Nociplastic pain in axial spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: role of JAK kinases in immunopathology and therapeutic impact of JAK inhibitors
Horbal, N., & Maksymowych, W. P. (2024) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2024.2400294 · Cited by 16
Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Polish Central Sensitization Inventory
Turczyn, P., Kosińska, B., Janikowska-Hołoweńko, D., Malec‐Milewska, M., Marszalec, N., Maleszka, P., & Tarnacka, B. (2019) · Reumatologia/Rheumatology · doi:10.5114/reum.2019.86422 · Cited by 15
Does experimentally induced pain-related fear influence central and peripheral movement preparation in healthy people and patients with low back pain?
Schouppe, S., Clauwaert, A., Oosterwijck, J. V., Damme, S. V., Palmans, T., Wiersema, J. R., Sanchís‐Sánchez, E., & Danneels, L. A. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001813 · Cited by 15
“The CSI, and its Dutch version as used here, has been shown to be reliable and valid.(61,76,83,84)”
Method
Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain Demonstrate Increased Lumbopelvic Muscle Stiffness Compared to Asymptomatic Controls
Proulx, L., Brizzolara, K. J., Thompson, M., Wang-Price, S. S., Rodríguez, P., & Koppenhaver, S. L. (2022) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2022.0198 · Cited by 15
“35 The ﬁrst section was used in this study.”
Usefulness of the pain sensitivity questionnaire to discriminate the pain behaviour of chronic pain patients
Tuna, T., Obbergh, L. J. V., Cutsem, N. V., & Engelman, E. (2018) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.042 · Cited by 15
Posttraumatic stress and autobiographical memory in chronic pain patients
Siqveland, J., Hauff, E., Ruud, T., & Brennen, T. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2018-0044 · Cited by 14
“Generalized pain, as opposed to localized chronic pain, may represent another type of chronic pain where central cognitive and affective processes are more important for the pain experience, possibly through mechanisms such as central sensitization [33, 34].”
Potential Nervous System Sensitization in Patients With Persistent Lower Extremity Tendinopathies: 3 Case Reports
Jayaseelan, D. J., Weber, M. J., & Jonely, H. (2019) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.8600 · Cited by 15
Predictors of Pelvic Floor Muscle Dysfunction Among Women With Lumbopelvic Pain
Keizer, A., Vandyken, B., Vandyken, C., Yardley, D., Macedo, L. G., Kuspinar, A., Fagahani, N., Forget, M.-J., & Dufour, S. P. (2019) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzz124 · Cited by 16
Association of Neuropathic Pain Symptoms with Sensitization Related Symptomatology in Women with Fibromyalgia
Úbeda-D’Ocasar, E., Valera‐Calero, J. A., Gallego‐Sendarrubias, G. M., Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Arias‐Buría, J. L., Morales-Cabezas, M., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., & Cigarán‐Méndez, M. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10030612 · Cited by 16
“, tension-type headache/migraines, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, restless leg syndrome, temporomandibular joint disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome, and multiple chemical sensitivities, but this part is not included in the total score [24].”
Background
The influence of pain catastrophizing and central sensitization on the reported pain after hip arthroscopy
Bech, N. H., Sierevelt, I. N., de Rooij, A., Kerkhoffs, G. M. M. J., & Haverkamp, D. (2021) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-021-06658-w · Cited by 14
Juvenile Fibromyalgia
Weiss, J. E., & Kashikar‐Zuck, S. (2021) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2021.07.002 · Cited by 17
The Benefits of a Therapeutic Exercise and Educational Intervention Program on Central Sensitization Symptoms and Pain-Related Fear Avoidance in Breast Cancer Survivors
Sánchez, D. G., Pajares-Hachero, B., Trinidad‐Fernández, M., Escriche-Escuder, A., Campos, M. I., Bermejo-Pérez, M. J., Alba, E., Roldán‐Jiménez, C., & Cuesta‐Vargas, A. (2022) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2022.01.003 · Cited by 15
Radial Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (rESWT) is not superior to “minimal-dose” rESWT for patients with chronic plantar fasciopathy; a double-blinded randomised controlled trial
Wheeler, P. C., Dudson, C., & Calver, R. (2022) · Foot and Ankle Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.fas.2022.06.016 · Cited by 14
Association between chronic pain with presarcopenia and central sensitization in Japanese community-dwelling older adults: A cross-sectional study
Imai, R., Imaoka, M., Nakao, H., Hida, M., Tazaki, F., Inoue, T., Orui, J., & Nakamura, M. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000029998 · Cited by 14
“The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) was developed as a screening tool to identify and quantify patients with CS-related symptoms.[14,15] The CSI-9 (a short version of the CSI) is a symptomatological and self-reported questionnaire consisting of 9 items assessing health-related symptoms that are common among indi…”
BackgroundMethod
Systemic neuroimmune responses in people with non-specific neck pain and cervical radiculopathy, and associations with clinical, psychological, and lifestyle factors
Schipholt, I. J. L., Scholten-Peeters, G. G. M., Koop, M. A., Bonnet, P., Bontkes, H. J., & Coppieters, M. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.1003821 · Cited by 15
Clinical features of chronic primary pain in individuals presenting painful temporomandibular disorder and comorbidities
Proença, J. D. S., Baad‐Hansen, L., Braido, G. V. D. V., Campi, L. B., & Gonçalves, D. A. D. G. (2023) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.13598 · Cited by 15
Questionnaires for the Assessment of Central Sensitization in Endometriosis: What Is the Available Evidence? A Systematic Review with a Narrative Synthesis
Cetera, G. E., Merli, C. E. M., Barbàra, G., Caia, C., & Vercellini, P. (2023) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-023-01343-4 · Cited by 16
“CSI’s reliability, which is the extent to which repeated measurements agree with one another [43], has been extensively measured in chronic pain populations in terms of test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients 0.82–0.97) [31, 32, 48, 55, 56].”
BackgroundInfluential
The effect of balance exercises on central sensitization in patients with knee osteoarthritis
Tirasci, E., Sarpel, T., Benlidayı, İ. C., & Deniz, V. (2024) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-024-05550-3 · Cited by 14
“…American College of Rheumatology criteria [19], (ii) having bilateral grade 2 or higher knee OA according to the Kellgren and Lawrence (KL) radiological grading system [20], and (iii) having a central sensitization score of 40 or higher according to the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) [21].”
BackgroundMethod
Efficacy of galcanezumab in migraine central sensitization
Danno, D., Imai, N., Kitamura, S., Ishizaki, K., Kikui, S., & Takeshima, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-72282-6 · Cited by 14
“Central sensitization is a physiological phenomenon in which the CNS becomes hypersensitive to both noxious and non-noxious stimuli 25 .”
Background
Corneal neuropathic pain in irritable bowel syndrome: clinical findings and in vivo corneal confocal microscopy
Uçar, I. Ç., Esen, F., Turhan, S. A., Oğuz, H., Ulasoglu, H. C., & Aykut, V. (2021) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-021-05269-y · Cited by 14
The Mediating Effect of Perceived Injustice and Pain Catastrophizing in the Relationship of Pain on Fatigue and Sleep in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study
Lahousse, A., Ivakhnov, S., Nijs, J., Beckwée, D., Cools, W., César Fernández de las Peñas, P., Roose, E. C. S., & Leysen, L. (2022) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnac006 · Cited by 16
Autologous Blood Injection With Dry-Needling vs Dry-Needling Alone Treatment for Chronic Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Wheeler, P. C., Dudson, C., Gregory, K., Singh, H., & Boyd, K. T. (2022) · Foot & Ankle International · doi:10.1177/10711007211061365 · Cited by 14
Signs Indicative of Central Sensitization Are Present but Not Associated with the Central Sensitization Inventory in Patients with Focal Nerve Injury
Matesanz-García, L., Cuenca‐Martínez, F., Simón, A. I., Cecilia-López, D., Goicoechea, C., Fernández‐Carnero, J., & Schmid, A. B. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11041075 · Cited by 14
What Concept of Manual Therapy Is More Effective to Improve Health Status in Women with Fibromyalgia Syndrome? A Study Protocol with Preliminary Results
Audoux, C. R., Estrada-Barranco, C., Martínez‐Pozas, O., Gozalo-Pascual, R., Montaño-Ocaña, J., García-Jiménez, D., Vicente-De-Frutos, G., Cabezas-Yagüe, E., & Romero, E. A. S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021061 · Cited by 15
Ultrasound-guided PENG block versus intraarticular corticosteroid injection in hip osteoarthritis: a randomised controlled study
Köse, S. G., Kose, H. C., Çelikel, F., Tulgar, S., & Akkaya, T. (2023) · The Korean journal of pain · doi:10.3344/kjp.22325 · Cited by 14
“A score of 40 or more points is considered a higher probability of central sensitivity syndromes or central sensitization [24].”
Background
A Review of Select Centralized Pain Syndromes
Spiegel, D. R., Chatterjee, A. S., Mccroskey, A. L., Ahmadi, T., Simmelink, D., Oldfield, E. C., Pryor, C. R., Faschan, M., & Raulli, O. (2015) · Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology · doi:10.1177/2333392814567920 · Cited by 14
“Furthermore, several studies link childhood psychosocial trauma to the development of a CSS, although this association is complex.(5) The purpose of this review is to examine non-nociceptive CPS in a way that focuses both on the similarities and on the differences between the syndromes, which may provide a better unde…”
Background
Foot pain severity is associated with the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous fat mass, fat-mass index and depression in women
Walsh, T. P., Arnold, J. B., Gill, T. K., Evans, A., Yaxley, A., Hill, C. L., & Shanahan, E. M. (2017) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-017-3743-0 · Cited by 14
Effect of central sensitization inventory on the number of painful sites and pain severity in a Japanese regional population cohort
Hoshino, H., Sasaki, N., Ide, K., Yamato, Y., Watanabe, Y., & Matsuyama, Y. (2021) · Journal of Orthopaedic Science · doi:10.1016/j.jos.2021.05.003 · Cited by 13
Integrating mechanistic-based and classification-based concepts into perioperative pain management: an educational guide for acute pain physicians
Chen, Y., Wang, E. J., Sites, B. D., & Cohen, S. P. (2023) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1136/rapm-2022-104203 · Cited by 13
Knowledge, Attitude, and Stigma on Tuberculosis and the Associated Factors for Attitude Among Tuberculosis Contacts in Malaysia
Shin Yee, L. O. H., Zakaria, R., & Mohamad, N. (2023) · Medeniyet Medical Journal · doi:10.4274/mmj.galenos.2023.14478 · Cited by 13
Sleep quality and polysomnographic changes in patients with chronic pain with and without central sensitization signs
Bento, A. P. D. S., Meziat‐Filho, N., Ferreira, A. D. S., Cassetta, A. P., & de Almeida, R. S. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2023.100504 · Cited by 13
“Patients with chronic pain and signs of central sensitization can present changes in motor patterns, cerebral cortex activation, and endogenous pain modulation.(20,21) However, our findings also draw attention to other possible aspects that may be associated with chronic pain.”
Background
The association of self-reported symptoms of central sensitization and sleep disturbances in neuropathic pain
Sachau, J., Kersebaum, D., Hüllemann, P., Adolf, D., Kabelitz, M., Keller, T., Freynhagen, R., Tölle, T. R., Binder, A., & Baron, R. (2023) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000001098 · Cited by 13
Burden of disease, pain catastrophizing, and central sensitization in relation to work-related issues in young spondyloarthritis patients
Tekaya, A. B., Saïd, H. B., Youssfi, I., Dhia, S. B., Bouden, S., Rouached, L., Mahmoud, I., Tekaya, R., Saidane, O., & ABDELMOULA, L. (2024) · Reumatologia/Rheumatology · doi:10.5114/reum/185390 · Cited by 13
“According to previous research on chronic pain patients, a cutoff of 40 appears to be associated with a higher likelihood of central sensitization [13].”
Change in Endogenous Pain Modulation Depending on Emotional States in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Lang-Illievich, K., Klivinyi, C., Ranftl, J., Elhelali, A., Hammer, S., Szilagyi, I.-S., & Bornemann‐Cimenti, H. (2024) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-024-00642-1 · Cited by 13
Centrally sensitized patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty have higher expectations than do non‐centrally sensitized patients
Kim, M. S., Koh, I. J., Choi, K. Y., Ju, G. I., & In, Y. (2021) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-021-06561-4 · Cited by 13
Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Psychophysical Validation of the Pain and Sleep Questionnaire Three-Item Index in Finnish
Mikkonen, J., Leinonen, V., Luomajoki, H. A., Kaski, D. N., Kupari, S., Tarvainen, M. P., Selander, T. A., & Airaksinen, O. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10214887 · Cited by 13
Standard Correction of Vision Worsens EMG Activity of Pericranial Muscles in Chronic TMD Subjects
Monaco, A., Ortu, E., Giannoni, M., D’Andrea, P., Cattaneo, R., Mummolo, A., & Pietropaoli, D. (2020) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2020/3932476 · Cited by 13
“4, thereby revealing a severe form of central sensitization [30, 31].”
Background
Central sensitization and its relationship with health profile in Behçet’s disease
Ayar, K., Ökmen, B. M., Altan, L., & ÖZTÜRK, E. K. (2020) · Modern Rheumatology · doi:10.1080/14397595.2020.1780076 · Cited by 13
Correlation Between Central Sensitization and Remote Muscle Performance in Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain
Aoyagi, K., & Sharma, N. K. (2020) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2020.07.008 · Cited by 13
Structural validity and reliability of the Spanish Central Sensitization Inventory in breast cancer survivors
Roldán‐Jiménez, C., Pajares, B., Campos, M. I., Trinidad‐Fernández, M., Sánchez, D. G., Ribelles, N., Alba, E., & Cuesta‐Vargas, A. (2021) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13009 · Cited by 13
“neurons become hyperexcitable, resulting in hypersensitivity to both noxious and non-noxious stimuli.(7) CS”
Background
Borderline Personality Disorder Features Are Associated with Concurrent Pain-Related Disability in a Chronic Pain Sample
Reynolds, C. J., & Tragesser, S. L. (2018) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pny052 · Cited by 13
Addition of slowly repeated evoked pain responses to clinical symptoms enhances fibromyalgia diagnostic accuracy
de la Coba, P., Bruehl, S., & del Paso, G. A. R. (2020) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnz346 · Cited by 12
Clustering analysis identifies two subgroups of women with fibromyalgia with different psychological, cognitive, health-related, and physical features but similar widespread pressure pain sensitivity
Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Valera‐Calero, J. A., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., Martín‐Guerrero, J. D., Cigarán‐Méndez, M., Navarro‐Pardo, E., & Pellicer-Valero, Ó. J. (2022) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnac206 · Cited by 12
Central sensitization in osteoarthritic knee pain: A cross-sectional study
Kılıçaslan, H. Ö., Genç, A., & Tuncer, S. (2022) · Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.5606/tftrd.2023.10470 · Cited by 12
“[16] Neblett et al.[17] determined that a CSI score of 40 out of 100 best distinguished central sensitization patients with 81% sensitivity and 75% specificity.”
Background
Comparison of Joint Mobilization and Movement Pattern Training for Patients With Hip-Related Groin Pain: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial
Harris‐Hayes, M., Zorn, P., Steger-May, K., Burgess, M. M., DeMargel, R. D., Kuebler, S., Clohisy, J. C. F., & Haroutounian, S. (2023) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzad111 · Cited by 12
Negative correlation between central sensitization and forgotten joint score-12 after total hip arthroplasty
Imagama, T., Okazaki, T., Matsuki, Y., Kaneoka, T., Kawakami, T., Yamazaki, K., & Sakai, T. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-023-04175-9 · Cited by 12
“Patients scoring 40 points or more (moderate or higher) are considered to have central sensitization [10, 11].”
Background
The effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on fibromyalgia: A multiple-baseline experimental case study across ten participants
Borst, M., Moeyaert, M., & van Rood, Y. (2024) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2024.2314883 · Cited by 12
“A score of 0 – 29 is de ﬁ ned as “ subclinical ” , 30 – 39 as “ mild ” , 40 – 49 as “ moderate ” , 50 – 59 as “ severe ” and 60 – 100 as “ extreme ” (Neblett et al., 2013).”
Does pain intensity after total knee arthroplasty depend on somatosensory functioning in knee osteoarthritis patients? A prospective cohort study
Vervullens, S., Meert, L., Smeets, R., Verbrugghe, J., VERDONK, P. C. M., & Meeus, M. (2024) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-024-06976-7 · Cited by 12
“…for the absence in differences between the recovered and persistent disturbed somatosensory functioning group is, apart from the cut-off of 40 on the CSI [31], a consensus about the optimal methodology to assess disturbed somatosensory functioning, including normative and cut-off values is lacking.”
A Multi-Systems Approach to Human Movement after ACL Reconstruction: The Nervous System
Chaput, M., Ness, B. M., Lucas, K. C. H., & Zimney, K. J. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.26603/001c.30020 · Cited by 17
Association between Experimental Pain Measurements and the Central Sensitization Inventory in Patients at Least 3 Months after COVID-19 Infection: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study
Goudman, L., Smedt, A. D., Roggeman, S., Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Hatem, S. M., Schiltz, M., Billot, M., Manuel Roulaud, B., Rigoard, P., & Moens, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12020661 · Cited by 12
“A total score of ≥40/100 is indicative of the presence of central sensitization symptomatology (sensitivity: 81% and specificity: 75%) [25].”
BackgroundResult
Patients with neuropathic pain from lumbosacral radiculopathy demonstrate similar pressure pain thresholds and conditioned pain modulation to those with fibromyalgia
Knežević, A., Kovačević, M., Jeremić-Knežević, M., Nikolašević, Ž., Tomašević-Todorović, S., Živanović, Ž., Spasojević, T., Garipi, E., Vojnović, L., Popović, D., et al. (2023) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2022.102841 · Cited by 11
Association of Kinesiophobia with Catastrophism and Sensitization-Associated Symptoms in COVID-19 Survivors with Post-COVID Pain
Herrero‐Montes, M., Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Pargada, D. J. F., Izquierdo‐Cuervo, S., Abascal-Bolado, B., Valera‐Calero, J. A., & Parás‐Bravo, P. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13050847 · Cited by 12

Authors: Neblett, R., Cohen, H., Choi, Y., Hartzell, M. M., Williams, M., Mayer, T. G., & Gatchel, R. J.
Affiliations: Productive Rehabilitation Institute of Dallas for Ergonomics (US)
The University of Texas at Arlington (US)
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Mayer, Tom G.
ORCID: Neblett, Randy
Choi, YunHee
Mayer, Tom G.
Gatchel, Robert J.
Venue: The Journal of Pain
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-05
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Pages: 438-445
ISSN: 1526-5900 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.11.012
PMC: PMC3644381
OpenAlex: W1976214008
Cited by: 757
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 90 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3
FWCI: 11.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 3785 d)
Locations: Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (1UO1 DEO10713-12A2)
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (U01DE010713)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Keywords: Central Sensitization Inventory, central sensitization, central sensitivity syndromes, fibromyalgia, chronic pain, screening tool, cut-off values, receiver operating characteristic, reference values, multidisciplinary pain center, complex pain
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Female, Fibromyalgia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outpatients, ROC Curve, Sensitivity and Specificity, Cohort Studies, Young Adult, Central Nervous System Sensitization, Chronic Pain

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): establishing clinically-significant values for identifying central sensitivity syndromes in an outpatient chronic pain sample

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks