The effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on fibromyalgia: A multiple-baseline experimental case study across ten participants
Open accessAbstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and stiffness in muscles and joints. Traumatic life experiences and post-traumatic stress symptoms play a role in its development and persistence. Although previous research suggests that pain and FM symptoms decrease after eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, its effectiveness has not been investigated in a controlled manner. The present study investigated the effectiveness of a six-session, 90-minute EMDR therapy using a multiple baseline single-case experimental design (SCED) across ten adult females with FM. The SCED involved a baseline, intervention, one- and three-month follow-up phase. The primary outcome was pain. Secondary outcomes included post-traumatic stress symptoms, other FM symptoms (fatigue, stiffness in muscles and joints), and the impact of FM on daily activities and sleep. Data were statistically analyzed by primarily testing means across phases on an individual and group level. Post-traumatic stress symptoms improved significantly in seven participants. Pain severity decreased significantly in six participants, with three of them maintaining significant improvement three months later. One participant showed clinically relevant change one month later. Furthermore, improvements were observed in secondary outcome measures. The findings support the efficacy of EMDR in reducing FM symptoms.
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Fibromyalgia is a disabling chronic pain syndrome characterized by multiple symptoms, including medically unexplained widespread pain, fatigue, cognitive, mood and sleep disorders.
“Fibromyalgia (FM) is a disabling chronic pain syndrome characterized by multiple symptoms, including medically unexplained widespread pain, fatigue, cognitive, mood and sleep disorders.1–11”
From A Review of Movement and Functional Impairments in Fibromyalgia: Implications for Targeted Treatment (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
The Introduction (page not provided) calls fibromyalgia a disabling chronic pain syndrome and describes multi-site pain, fatigue, sleeping problems, and common comorbid mood disorders. It does not describe the pain as medically unexplained or identify cognitive disorders among its symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProviding patients with EMDR, CBT, biofeedback or rTMS may enable them to gain control over physical processes, allowing for improved functional task performance and increased autonomy in their rehabilitation.
“Providing patients with EMDR,4 CBT,9,12,17 biofeedback24 or rTMS26,33 may enable them to gain control over physical processes, allowing for improved functional task performance and increased autonomy in their rehabilitation.24”
From A Review of Movement and Functional Impairments in Fibromyalgia: Implications for Targeted Treatment (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
The Results (§3.11) report that some participants with fibromyalgia perceived improved physical functioning, coping with pain, and work-related activities after EMDR. That partly supports the proposed functional benefit, but the paper does not establish that EMDR gave patients control over physical processes or increased their autonomy in rehabilitation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFM patients have symptoms of central sensitization, characterized by hypersensitivity to bright light, touch, noise, temperature, and mechanical pressure.
“as have symptoms of central sensitization, characterized by hypersensitivity to bright light, touch, noise, temperature, and mechanical pressure.4,7,16”
From A Review of Movement and Functional Impairments in Fibromyalgia: Implications for Targeted Treatment (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
Stiffness in muscles and joints and self-reported fatigue have been shown to significantly decrease in patients with FM following a series of EMDR sessions.
“Stiffness in muscles and joints and self-reported fatigue have been shown to significantly decrease in patients with FM following a series of EMDR sessions.4”
From A Review of Movement and Functional Impairments in Fibromyalgia: Implications for Targeted Treatment (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Borst, M., Moeyaert, M., & van Rood, Y.
- Affiliations
- GGZ Noord-Holland-Noord (NL)
- University at Albany, State University of New York (US)
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
- Venue
- Neuropsychological Rehabilitation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2024-02-22
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1422-1454
- ISSN
- 0960-2011 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0694
- OpenAlex
- W4392047964
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 3.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropsychological Rehabilitation (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- fibromyalgia, EMDR, posttraumatic stress symptoms, chronic pain, pain intensity, fatigue, sleep, daily functioning
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Fibromyalgia, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Treatment Outcome, Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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