Cited by 635Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthPalliative Care and End-of-Life IssuesCOVID-19 and Mental Health

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Grief During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Considerations for Palliative Care Providers

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Wallace, Cara L., Wladkowski, Stephanie P., Gibson, Allison, White, Patrick·2020·Journal of Pain and Symptom Management

DOI 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.012PMC PMC7153515

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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic is anticipated to continue spreading widely across the globe throughout 2020. To mitigate the devastating impact of COVID-19, social distancing and visitor restrictions in health care facilities have been widely implemented. Such policies and practices, along with the direct impact of the spread of COVID-19, complicate issues of grief that are relevant to medical providers. We describe the relationship of the COVID-19 pandemic to anticipatory grief, disenfranchised grief, and complicated grief for individuals, families, and their providers. Furthermore, we provide discussion regarding countering this grief through communication, advance care planning, and self-care practices. We provide resources for health care providers, in addition to calling on palliative care providers to consider their own role as a resource to other specialties during this public health emergency.

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When residents die in Portuguese care facilities: The experiences and practices of care facility directors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Nascimento, C., Dias, S. F., Rodrigues, S., Afonso, R. M., & de Sousa, L. X. M. (2023) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2023.2175392 · Cited by 6
“Other care facility directors used videocall to enable final goodbyes, a strategy that has been referred previously (Jordan et al., 2022; Wallace et al., 2020).”
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Background
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Self-Care as an Ethical Principle: A Pre- and Post-Pandemic onset Integrative Review of Covid-19
Fischer, M. L., & Burda, T. A. M. (2023) · Current World Environment · doi:10.12944/cwe.18.1.4 · Cited by 4
Validation of the Korean version of the Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale and its relationship with COVID‐related hypochondriasis among healthcare workers who witnessed patient deaths
Kim, J. H., & Chung, S. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3203 · Cited by 3
“An inappropriate or incomplete grieving process can lead to maladaptive symptoms, resulting in complicated grief (Wallace et al., 2020).”
Background
COVID-19, Bereavement and Political Psychotherapy: A Critical Social Work Perspective
Barak, A. (2023) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcad261 · Cited by 4
Cuidados paliativos para pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19; propuesta de un modelo de atención
Torres-Espinosa, C., López-Ramírez, J. H., & Pérez-Moreno, D. P. P.-M. (2020) · Revista Mexicana de Anestesiología · doi:10.35366/94942 · Cited by 4
“Generar un espacio al familiar o cuidador del paciente para permitirle llorar, para pensar en la persona que se ha marchado y lo que significaba para ellos, para expresar los sentimientos de culpa por no haber podido estar al lado del paciente y hacer énfasis en que las limitaciones las ha puesto la pandemia, ayudándo…”
Background
Who Is the Most Vulnerable to Anxiety at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Outbreak in China? A Cross-Sectional Nationwide Survey
Liu, B., Han, B., Zheng, H., Liu, H., Zhao, T., Wan, Y., & Cui, F. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9080970 · Cited by 4
Perspectivas de brasileiros durante a pandemia da Covid-19: uma análise sobre autocuidado e bioética ambiental
Fischer, M. L., da Cunha, T. R., & Burda, T. A. M. (2021) · Saúde em Debate · doi:10.1590/0103-1104202113013 · Cited by 4
Strategien, Richtlinien und Empfehlungen zur Bewältigung der COVID-19-Pandemie in Einrichtungen der Palliativ- und Hospizversorgung. Ergebnisse eines Scoping-Reviews
Wahidie, D., Altinok, K., Yılmaz-Aslan, Y., & Brzoska, P. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-022-02016-8 · Cited by 4
“Versorgungsanbieter sollten rechtzeitig Gespräche zur Vorausplanung der Pflege mit den Patienten und ihren Angehörigen vereinbaren, um über Therapieziele, Behandlungspräferenzen, den bevorzugten Behandlungs-/Sterbeort [17, 19, 25, 26, 34, 54], gewünschteRitualeundBestattungs-/ Gedenkpläne zu sprechen [55] und unerwüns…”
Background
Changes to Birth Plans Due to COVID‐19: A Survey of Utah Midwives and Doulas
Ellis, J. A., Ward, K., Garrett, K., Taylor, E., Clark, E., Baksh, L., & Simonsen, S. E. (2023) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.13491 · Cited by 4
Psychological Distress and Work and Social Adjustment in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Country AnalysisPreprint
Distaso, W., Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.01.30.22270127 · Cited by 4
Direct Losses and Media Exposure to Death: The Long-Term Effect of Mourning during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Caci, B., & Giordano, G. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13133911 · Cited by 3
Asuntos bioéticos relacionados con la planeación y respuesta ante la pandemia de COVID-19
González-Fisher, X., Rissman, S., & Gonzalez-Fisher, R. F. (2020) · Anales Médicos de la Asociación Médica del Centro Médico ABC · doi:10.35366/97467 · Cited by 3
Equivalência da escala de luto perinatal para escala de luto parental após a perda de um filho / Equivalence from the perinatal grief scale to the parental grief scale after the loss of a child
Paris, G. F., de Montigny, F., & Pelloso, S. M. (2022) · Ciência Cuidado e Saúde · doi:10.4025/ciencuidsaude.v21i0.59136 · Cited by 3
Experience of chinese counter-marching nurses with COVID-19 patients’ death in Wuhan: a qualitative study
Guo, Z., Wu, K., Shan, H., Kim, Y., & He, Q. (2023) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-023-01270-4 · Cited by 4
“Nurses must be qualified to provide expert care for those at the end of life, including their family members [20], while also maintaining their own well-being [21–23].”
Background
Understanding the Psychology of Grief
Savaş, E. (2024) · Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi · doi:10.56955/bpd.1393758 · Cited by 4
Grief Due to Loss of Significant Others: The Role of Social Support, Spiritual Intelligence and Wellbeing-Life Satisfaction
Prapunoto, S., & Soetjiningsih, C. H. (2024) · Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.51214/00202406898000 · Cited by 3
“The grief and unexpected loss of a significant person in one's life during the Covid 19 pandemic is a difficult experience, having to say goodbye forever, making the meaning of separation from loved ones a heavy experience in life (Wallace et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResult
Mental health and telehealth quality perception: a mediation model analysis
Wang, B., & Asan, O. (2024) · IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering · doi:10.1080/24725579.2024.2383593 · Cited by 3
“Such sensitivities can make new or unfamiliar healthcare modalities, particularly telehealth, seem less adequate than in-person consultations(Wallace et al., 2020).”
Navigating Communication in Nursing Homes During COVID-19: Perspectives From Families, Healthcare Professionals, and Managers in Southern Switzerland—A Qualitative Study
Bernardi, S., Fiordelli, M., Rubinelli, S., Spagnoli, V., Malacrida, R., & Martignoni, G. (2024) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2024.1606583 · Cited by 3
“Physical distancing also generates frustration and affects the connection between family members and residents, contributing to a sense of anticipatory grief and ambiguous loss [4, 7, 13].”
Background
“There is no dignity in this”: Understanding the experience of families facing death of a loved one during the COVID-19 pandemic
Gill, G. K., Pankratz, L., Pirzada, S., Papineau, K., Hensel, J. M., Bolton, J. M., Kredenster, M. S., El-Gabalawy, R. M., Rivière, C. L., Hiebert, T., et al. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2514162 · Cited by 4
“The absence of familiar rituals has been associated with complicated grief responses, such as prolonged grief (Goveas & Shear, 2020; Johns et al., 2020; Wallace et al., 2020), adverse bereavement outcome and dysfunctional pandemic grief and functional impairment (Neimeyer & Lee, 2022).”
Can You PACE Yourself? Using PACE in the Clinical Setting, at End of Life and in Grief Work
Siegel, A. W. (2021) · Journal of Radiology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jradnu.2020.12.002 · Cited by 3
Living with COVID-19 in Zimbabwe
Humbe, B. P. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003241096-5 · Cited by 3
Knowledge Level of Health Care Providers about Complicated Grief during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Dashti, S., Najafi, T. F., Mohammadzadeh, F., Kalat, A. R., & Bahri, N. (2022) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v17i2.8905 · Cited by 3
“The physical condition of COVID-19 patients may rapidly shift from a healthy individual to an ill and end stage patient (23).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients from a Bariatric Program: A Qualitative Analysis of Their Perceptions of Health and Well-Being
Klasen, J. M., Tynes, D. M., Peterson, C. J., Schneider, R., Timper, K., Peterli, R., Randall, C. L., & Delko, T. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10050780 · Cited by 3
Hospitalized patients dying with SARS-CoV-2 infection—An analysis of patient characteristics and management in ICU and general ward of the LEOSS registry
Raichle, C., Borgmann, S., Bausewein, C., Rieg, S., Jakob, C. E. M., Simon, S. T., Tometten, L., Vehreschild, J. J., Leisse, C., Erber, J., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271822 · Cited by 3
“described how practices to restrict the spread of SARS-CoV-2 can impact on complicated grief for family members [28].”
Background
ONLINE SUPPORT GROUP FOR BEREAVED FAMILY MEMBERS DURING PANDEMIC IN BRAZILIAN CONTEXT
Sola, P. P. B., Garcia, J. T., dos Santos, J. H. C., dos Santos, M. A., & de Oliveira‐Cardoso, É. A. (2022) · Psicologia Saúde & Doenças · doi:10.15309/22psd230205 · Cited by 3
COMPLICATING FACTORS OF GRIEVING PROCESS DURING THE PANDEMIC: BEREAVED FAMILY MEMBERS’ PERSPECTIVES
Sola, P. P. B., dos Santos, J. H. C., dos Santos, M. A., & de Oliveira‐Cardoso, É. A. (2022) · Psicologia Saúde & Doenças · doi:10.15309/22psd230222 · Cited by 3
Telepresence Robot for Isolated Patients in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects of Socio-relationship and Telecommunication Device Types on Patients’ Acceptance of Robots
Shin, S., Kang, D., & Kwak, S. S. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24670-8_24 · Cited by 3
Quality of Professional Life and Its Association with Emotional Well-Being Among COVID-19 Physicians and Nurses
Azizkhani, R., Meibody, A. A., Sadeghi, A., Meibody-Tabar, G., Flechon-Meibody, F., Ataei, B., & Kouhestani, S. (2023) · Advanced Biomedical Research · doi:10.4103/abr.abr_173_21 · Cited by 3
“Concerns about transmitting the infection can lead to their reluctance to seek help from family members or friends and may reduce their compassion and cooperation at work.[6] Therefore, it can be claimed that the current situation can affect the professional quality of life (ProQOL) and mental health of the healthcare…”
Background
Exploring the Challenges Faced by Health Care Professionals Working with People Living with Dementia Amid COVID-19 Pandemic in the English West Midlands Region
Ekpenyong, M. S., Pfende, F., & Nyashanu, M. (2023) · Journal of Long-Term Care · doi:10.31389/jltc.180 · Cited by 3
Bereavement for a Loved Person: A Look at the Opinions and Process of Coping With Grief in the COVID-19 Era
Mansoori, J., Khodabakhshi‐Koolaee, A., Falsafinejad, M. R., & Vahid, L. K. (2023) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/jpcp.11.3.746.4 · Cited by 3
From uncertainty to the experience of collective care: Immersion in a hospital COVID-19 unit during the ‘first wave’ of the epidemic in Marseille, France
Mininel, F., Egrot, M., & Sams, K. (2023) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100353 · Cited by 3
Bereavement during lockdown: the potential impact of COVID-19 restrictions on grief and post-traumatic stress disorder in a Turkish-Muslim population
Kaya, E., Barlas, Z., Barlas, F., Wilson, A. D., & Dönmezler, S. (2024) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2023.2244905 · Cited by 3
“The lack of the traditional rituals due to COVID-19 pandemic can thus consequently disrupt the process of meaning making and leave the mourners with feelings of loneliness, guilt, distress, and humiliation (e.g., Gabay & Tarabeih, 2022; Wallace et al., 2020).”
THE GROWING PREVALENCE OF MPOX AND THE IMPACT ON MENTAL HEALTH: A PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY
Omoregie, J., & Obohwemu, K. O. (2024) · The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations · doi:10.37547/tajssei/volume06issue11-14 · Cited by 3
The current state of spirituality: A four world view
Young, T., Rappleyea, D. L., Jensen, J. F., Sira, N., & Quagliana, H. L. (2024) · Journal for the Study of Spirituality · doi:10.1080/20440243.2024.2415616 · Cited by 3
“One common spiritual need that may have been overlooked is the lack of peaceful death options for hospital patients (Bahramnezhad and Asgari 2020) and the effect that this has on patients’ families (Mayland et al. 2021; Wallace et al. 2020).”
Dying at home during Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic – insight and learning from the home hospice perspective
Bashyam, P., Ther, V. S. C., & Tan, C. Y. (2021) · Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development · doi:10.1080/02185385.2020.1860808 · Cited by 3
“This was similarly reported in Wallace et al. (2020), which observed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing and stay home orders such as visitor restrictions at health institutes made it difficult for families to meet their dying loved ones and to properly send their loved ones off.”
BackgroundResult
Contemplating COVID-19 through disease and death in three short stories by Edgar Allan Poe
Dewi, N. (2021) · Studies in English Language and Education · doi:10.24815/siele.v8i2.19240 · Cited by 3
“…spread, can lead to psychological after-effects N. Dewi, Contemplating COVID-19 through disease and death in three short stories by Edgar Allan Poe | 853 such as grief, loneliness, corona phobia, and other anti-social behaviours (Luchetti et al., 2020; Wallace et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
Background
Implicações da morte e luto na saúde mental do sujeito frente à pandemia / Implications of death and grief for the subject's mental health in the face of the pandemic
Danzmann, P. S., da Silva, A. C. P., & Guazina, F. M. N. (2021) · ID on line REVISTA DE PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.14295/idonline.v15i55.3016 · Cited by 3
‘Intertext’ in a New Context: Lessons Learnt from Collaborating, Contributing, and Connecting Through an Online Interdisciplinary Student-Led Symposium During COVID-19
Karakas, G., & Webster, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7757-2_31 · Cited by 3
IMPACTOS DA COVID-19 NA SAÚDE MENTAL DE ESTUDANTES DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DA ÁREA DA SAÚDE DE UMA UNIVERSIDADE NO CEARÁ, BRASIL
Neves, K. R. T., Martins, S. D. O., TAVARES, K. C., & Aragão, G. F. (2023) · Infarma - Ciências Farmacêuticas · doi:10.14450/2318-9312.v35.e1.a2023.pp52-63 · Cited by 3
Do Isolamento Social ao Crescimento Pessoal: Reflexões Sobre o Impacto Psicossocial da Pandemia
Gonçalves, M., Oliveira, M. A., & Pinheiro, A. P. (2020) · Gazeta Médica · doi:10.29315/gm.v7i2.359 · Cited by 3
The threat of coronavirus perceived by the mother and her experiences related to the pandemic versus her relationship with the child
Lachowska, B. (2021) · Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio · doi:10.34766/fetr.v47i3.919 · Cited by 3
On the criteria for diagnosing depression in bereaved individuals: a self-organizing map approach
Loula, R., & Monteiro, L. H. A. (2022) · Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering · doi:10.3934/mbe.2022252 · Cited by 3
Análise do luto familiar no contexto da COVID-19: uma revisão integrativa
Barbosa, T. D., Melo, M. S. S., & Menezes, D. A. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i12.34675 · Cited by 3

Authors: Wallace, C. L., Wladkowski, S. P., Gibson, A., & White, P.
Affiliations: Saint Louis University (US)
Eastern Michigan University (US)
University of Kentucky (US)
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author: Wallace, Cara L.
ORCID: Wallace, Cara L.
Wladkowski, Stephanie P.
Gibson, Allison
White, Patrick
Venue: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-07
Volume: 60
Issue: 1
Pages: e70-e76
ISSN: 0885-3924 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.012
PMC: PMC7153515
OpenAlex: W3016258882
Cited by: 635
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 173 · 2020: 112
FWCI: 52.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 1095 d)
Locations: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, grief, palliative care providers, anticipatory grief, disenfranchised grief, complicated grief, advance care planning, self-care, communication, social distancing, visitor restrictions, healthcare workers
MeSH terms: COVID-19, Communication, Grief, Humans, Palliative Care, Pneumonia, Viral, Self Care, Coronavirus Infections, Advance Care Planning, Pandemics

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Grief During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Considerations for Palliative Care Providers

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