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Grief During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Considerations for Palliative Care Providers
Open accessAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is anticipated to continue spreading widely across the globe throughout 2020. To mitigate the devastating impact of COVID-19, social distancing and visitor restrictions in health care facilities have been widely implemented. Such policies and practices, along with the direct impact of the spread of COVID-19, complicate issues of grief that are relevant to medical providers. We describe the relationship of the COVID-19 pandemic to anticipatory grief, disenfranchised grief, and complicated grief for individuals, families, and their providers. Furthermore, we provide discussion regarding countering this grief through communication, advance care planning, and self-care practices. We provide resources for health care providers, in addition to calling on palliative care providers to consider their own role as a resource to other specialties during this public health emergency.
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“the pathological or chronic grief may appear complicated (Lobb et al., 2010; Wallace et al., 2020).”
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“With the high COVID‐19 death rate in the UK, grief is likely to be implicated in mental health challenges (Wallace et al., 2020).”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Wallace et al., 2020
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IMPLICAÇÕES SOCIAIS E DE SAÚDE QUE ACOMETEM PESSOAS ENLUTADAS PELA MORTE DE FAMILIARES POR COVID-19
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İzolasyon, Karantina, Sosyal Mesafe ve Ruh Sağlığı
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Sunde, R. M., & Sunde, L. M. C. (2020) · Revista Interfaces Saúde Humanas e Tecnologia · doi:10.16891/2317-434x.v8.e3.a2020.pp703-710 · Cited by 8
Pompele, S., Ghetta, V., Veronese, S., Bucuță, M. D., & Testoni, I. (2022) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-021-00995-w · Cited by 8
“In many Countries, including Italy, people have for example been forbidden to visit relatives in hospitals and even to properly celebrate funeral rites (Wallace et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPalliative Care Landscape in the COVID-19 Era: Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research
Abu‐Odah, H., Su, J. J., Wang, M., Lin, S.-Y. (., Bayuo, J., Musa, S. S., & Molassiotis, A. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10071344 · Cited by 8
Wang, Y., Chukwusa, E., Koffman, J., & Ćurčin, V. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/44774 · Cited by 9
“PEoLC also played a crucial role in providing bereavement support to this group of people [8,9].”
BackgroundKing, C., Vega, T. A., Button, D. A., Nicolaidis, C., Gregg, J. L., & Englander, H. L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247951 · Cited by 8
Saraff, S., Singh, T., & Biswal, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626638 · Cited by 9
Laranjeira, C., & Querido, A. (2021) · British Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjmh.2021.0004 · Cited by 8
Peer support experiences among Chinese parents who lost their only child: A qualitative study
Zhou, N., Wu, R., Xu, X. Y., & Wang, J. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2022.2117250 · Cited by 7
“Additionally, future research should consider COVID-19’s impact on the role of peer support.”
BackgroundInfluentialDigby, R., Hopper, I., Hughes, L., McCaskie, D., Tuck, M., Fallon, K., Hunter, P. C., & Bucknall, T. K. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-09000-3 · Cited by 7
“The experience could potentially cause on-going psychological pain and posttraumatic stress to families [44] and to staff [45].”
BackgroundJeon, H., Kim, S., & Lee, I. (2023) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-023-07753-z · Cited by 7
“SARS-CoV2 has affected how families provide care, causing negative experiences in communication, especially for end-of-life patients [8, 9].”
BackgroundGrief after Pandemic Loss: Factors Affecting Grief Experiences (the CO-LIVE Study)
Becqué, Y. N., Witkamp, E., Goossensen, A., Korfage, I. J., van Lent, L. G. G., Pasman, H. R. W., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., Zee, M. S., & van der Heide, A. (2023) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2023.2229137 · Cited by 7
“Concerns have been raised that the unique circumstances around loss in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic may have hampered the grieving process of bereaved families (Gesi et al., 2020; Goveas & Shear, 2020; Mortazavi et al., 2020; Wallace et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDo nurses’ personality traits affect the level of compassion fatigue?
Korkmaz, A. Ç., & Gökoğlan, E. (2023) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12879 · Cited by 7
Bereavement During and Not During the Pandemic in Terms of Complicated Grief and Social Support
Akmese, I., Foreman, T., & Brooks, G. (2024) · Omega · doi:10.1177/00302228241240944 · Cited by 7
“On the other hand, the absence of such a conversation may lead to feelings of anger, guilt, regret, and a sense of in-completeness for the bereaved, as well as an increased risk of complicated grief (Mortazavi et al., 2021; Otani et al., 2017; Wallace et al., 2020).”
Wilson, L., Gill, G. K., Pirzada, S., Papineau, K., Pankratz, L., Reynolds, K., Kredentser, M. S., El-Gabalawy, R. M., Hiebert, T., Olafson, K., et al. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2400368 · Cited by 8
“There has also been speculation that the absence of familiar rituals may lead to complicated grief responses, such as prolonged grief (Goveas & Shear, 2020; Johns et al., 2020; Wallace et al., 2020).”
Jonas, D., Drouin, K., Greenman, J., Klein, V., Scanlon, C. M., Frechette, E. M., Cramer, L., Eagan, A., Rusch, R., Joselow, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care · doi:10.1080/15524256.2021.1894312 · Cited by 8
“These restrictions resulted the secondary loss of meaningful time spent together with siblings and other family members, in addition to the experience of anticipatory grief for the child with a life-limiting illness (Wallace et al., 2020).”
BackgroundEnfrentamento do luto por perda familiar pela covid-19: estratégias de curto e longo prazo
Estrela, F. M., da Silva, A. F., de Oliveira, A. C. B., de Magalhães, J. R. F., Soares, C. F. S. E., Peixoto, T. M., & Oliveira, M. A. D. S. (2021) · Persona y Bioética · doi:10.5294/pebi.2021.25.1.3 · Cited by 7
Making Meaning of Integrated Care during a Pandemic: Learning from Older Adults
Beasley, E. A., Scott, T., & Pachana, N. A. (2021) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2021.1933291 · Cited by 7
“Wallace et al. (2020) expanded on this theory, and explained that the anticipation of potential deaths, illness, and the loss of events or milestones are likely to lead to anticipatory grief.”
BackgroundChallenges of paediatric palliative care in the intensive care unit during the COVID-19 pandemic
Hasanpour, M., Tahmasebi, M., Mohammadpour, M., Pouraboli, B., & Sabeti, F. (2021) · International Journal of Palliative Nursing · doi:10.12968/ijpn.2021.27.6.303 · Cited by 7
Health care professionals and end-of-life care during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ferreira, E. A. L., Valete, C. O. S., dos Santos, A. F. J., Passarini, J. N., Silva, A. E., & Miwa, M. U. (2021) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20210417 · Cited by 7
Pain Management and COVID-19: A Latin American Perspective
Guerrero, M., Castromán, P., Quiroga, O., Cook, M. B., Tamayo, M. A. N., Venturoni, L., Pergolizzi, J. V., Rekatsina, M., & Varrassi, G. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.23100 · Cited by 7
“The goal of palliation is to allow as much peace and dignity for the patient and their loved ones as possible as death approaches [62].”
BackgroundGerlach, C., Ullrich, A., Berges, N., Bausewein, C., Oechsle, K., Hodiamont, F., & on behalf of the PallPan Study Group (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11133863 · Cited by 7
Morcate, M., & Pardo, R. (2022) · Mortality · doi:10.1080/13576275.2022.2141206 · Cited by 7
“As a result, millions of people have simultaneously undergone processes of loss, suffering and death, including processes of anticipatory or disenfranchised grief, which can be particularly intense (Wallace et al., 2020, p. 75) but have been represented little or not at all in the media.”
BackgroundQian, W., Tang, R., Jiao, K., Xu, X. Y., Zou, X., & Wang, J. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221141937 · Cited by 9
“…funeral ceremonies, lack of expectation for the death, lower level of support, multiple losses (due to the disease spreading), and continuous realistic stress, the COVID-19 pandemic may increase the risk of PGD (Eisma et al., 2020; Stroebe & Schut, 2021; Wallace et al., 2020; J. Xu et al., 2020a).”
Two Years of the COVID-19 Crisis: Anxiety, Creativity and the Everyday
Puggioni, R. (2023) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc13020024 · Cited by 7
Caring for the COVID warriors: A healthcare's perspective in the challenging times
Saini, R. K., Chaudhary, S., Raju, M., & Srivastava, K. (2020) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_167_20 · Cited by 7
“COVID-19 Psychology” among Older Adults: As a Grief Process
Durak, M., & Şenol-Durak, E. (2020) · Journal of Aging and Long-Term Care · doi:10.51819/jaltc.2020.901148 · Cited by 7
The fundamentals of a dedicated palliative approach to care for people with dementia
Bolt, S. (2021) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20210922sb · Cited by 7
Vivre un décès périnatal en contexte de pandémie
de Montigny, F., Verdon, C., Pierce, T., René, C., Landry, I., Corno, G., Murphy, M., & Silverio, S. A. (2023) · Études sur la mort · doi:10.3917/eslm.159.0123 · Cited by 6
Ivana, I. D. K., & Islam, M. (2022) · COMMICAST · doi:10.12928/commicast.v3i2.5940 · Cited by 6
“In addition, the community action also asked how the government's policies were in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic (Wallace et al., 2020).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wallace, C. L., Wladkowski, S. P., Gibson, A., & White, P.
- Affiliations
- Saint Louis University (US)
- Eastern Michigan University (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wallace, Cara L.
- Venue
- Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e70-e76
- ISSN
- 0885-3924 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7153515
- OpenAlex
- W3016258882
- Cited by
- 635
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 173 · 2020: 112
- FWCI
- 52.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain and Symptom Management (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, grief, palliative care providers, anticipatory grief, disenfranchised grief, complicated grief, advance care planning, self-care, communication, social distancing, visitor restrictions, healthcare workers
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Communication, Grief, Humans, Palliative Care, Pneumonia, Viral, Self Care, Coronavirus Infections, Advance Care Planning, Pandemics
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