Predictors of complicated grief: a systematic review of empirical studies
Open accessAbstract
A systematic review of the literature on predictors of complicated grief (CG) was undertaken with the aim of clarifying the current knowledge and to inform future planning and work in CG following bereavement. Predictors of CG prior to the death include previous loss, exposure to trauma, a previous psychiatric history, attachment style, and the relationship to the deceased. Factors associated with the death include violent death, the quality of the caregiving or dying experience, close kinship relationship to the deceased, marital closeness and dependency, and lack of preparation for the death. Perceived social support played a key role after death, along with cognitive appraisals and high distress at the time of the death. Inconsistent definitions of CG and measurement tools were noted in the earlier studies reviewed. Limitations identified in the studies included use of cross-sectional designs, heterogeneous samples, high attrition, demographic differences between cases and controls, differences in length of time since death, and differences in types of death experienced. Notwithstanding these limitations, some consistent findings have emerged. Further research into conceptualizations of CG in terms of attachment theory and constructivist and cognitive-behavioral concepts of finding purpose and meaning after bereavement is warranted.
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As the pandemic progresses with many deaths, lack of preparation, restrictions, and physical, mental, and social consequences of distancing, pathological or chronic grief may appear complicated.
“the pathological or chronic grief may appear complicated (Lobb et al., 2010; Wallace et al., 2020).”
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“1,2 Despite social support being the protective factor that is most amenable to intervention, it has received limited attention in the literature.”
Self-citationA public health approach to bereavement support services in palliative care
Aoun, S. M., Breen, L. J., O’Connor, M., Rumbold, B. D., & Nordstrom, C. (2012) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00825.x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“Prolonged Grief Disorder (previously known as Complicated Grief Disorder), and who benefit from professional intervention.(3) As such,”
BackgroundSelf-citationManaging the supportive care needs of those affected by COVID-19
Bajwah, S., Wilcock, A., Towers, R. P., Costantini, M., Bausewein, C., Simon, S. T., Bendstrup, E. M., Prentice, W. M., Johnson, M. J., Currow, D. C., et al. (2020) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.00815-2020 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“families regularly and where possible facilitate communication between patients and their families utilising virtual technology.[25]Information leaflets should be provided for both patients and family members.”
BackgroundThomas, K., Hudson, P., Trauer, T., Remedios, C., & Clarke, D. (2014) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.05.022 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Prolonged grief (PG) disorder (PGD), previously called complicated grief, is the most recent term used to describe grief that continues in intensity beyond a time frame in which some form of adjustment is expected and to an extent that is significantly disruptive to a person’s life.(15,16) It has been shown that peopl…”
BackgroundTang, S., & Xiang, Z. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00669-5 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Looking beyond the mean in grief trajectories: A prospective, population-based cohort study
Nielsen, M. K., Carlsen, A. H., Neergaard, M. A., Bidstrup, P. E., & Guldin, M.-B. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.007 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Prolonged grief and depression after unnatural loss: latent class analyses and cognitive correlates
Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., J. Djelantik, A. A. A. M., & Smid, G. E. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.012 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“There is growing evidence that persistent negative thinking about global belief themes including the self, life, the world, the future, and safety, as well as catastrophi-cally interpreting one's responses to the loss is associated with psychopathology following loss (Lobb et al., 2010).”
InfluentialMortality in parents following the death of a child: a nationwide follow-up study from Sweden
Rostila, M., Saarela, J. M., & Kawachi, I. I. (2011) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2011-200339 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Furthermore, it seems important that the healthcare system provides psychological support for parents during end-of-life care as well as immediately after the death of a child.(37) Our findings also conform to the view that it is important for healthcare workers to follow parents who have lost a child over time,(38) e…”
ResultDjelantik, A. A. A. M. J., Smid, G. E., Kleber, R. J., & Boelen, P. A. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.023 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Treatments especially focused on PGD have been developed with proven e ffi cacy (Maccallum and Bryant, 2013; Shear, 2015).”
Grief, Depressive Symptoms, and Physical Health Among Recently Bereaved Spouses
Utz, R., Caserta, M. S., & Lund, D. (2011) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnr110 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Prolonged distress or CG reactions are thought to be infl uenced by a host of additional risk factors ( Lichtenthal et al., 2004 ; Lobb et al., 2010 ).”
BackgroundMethodDisturbed grief: prolonged grief disorder and persistent complex bereavement disorder
Boelen, P., & Smid, G. (2017) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.j2016 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Aoun, S. M., Connors, S. L., Priddis, L., Breen, L. J., & Colyer, S. (2012) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216311416036 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“The nature of care provided, the trajectory of illness, experiences of caring and a close relationship to the deceased, have been identified as risk factors for prolonged grief disorder.(19) Given that the literature suggests that carers of terminally ill people may be susceptible to developing prolonged grief outcome…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationBoelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01776-w · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Otani, H., Yoshida, S., Morita, T., Aoyama, M., Kizawa, Y., Shima, Y., Tsuneto, S., & Miyashita, M. (2017) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.07.010 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Scott, H. R., Pitman, A., Kozhuharova, P., & Lloyd‐Evans, B. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02639-4 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Alvis, L. M., Zhang, N., Sandler, I. N., & Kaplow, J. B. (2022) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-021-00435-0 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“The nature of the relationship to the deceased is also important, as research shows relationships with the deceased that were close, supportive, and confiding are associated with an increased risk of maladaptive grief symptoms (Lobb et al., 2010).”
BackgroundProspective risk factors for complicated grief: A review of the empirical literature.
Burke, L. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2013) · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Attachment anxiety and avoidance in coping with bereavement: two studies
Meier, A. M., Carr, D. R., Currier, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2013) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.3.315 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Attachment theory has served as a primary framework for conceptualizing prolonged grief and other post-bereavement challenges (Lichtenthal et al., 2004; Lobb et al., 2010; Shear & Shair, 2005; Stroebe et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialTsai, W.-I., Prigerson, H. G., Li, C., Chou, W., Kuo, S., & Tang, S. T. (2015) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216315603261 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Complicated grief in older adults: a randomized controlled trial of complicated grief group therapy
Supiano, K. P., & Luptak, M. (2014) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnt076 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Sansom‐Daly, U. M., Wakefield, C. E., Patterson, P., Cohn, R. J., Rosenberg, A. R., Wiener, L. S., & Fardell, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology · doi:10.1089/jayao.2019.0084 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Understanding how best to prepare and support AYAs’ families for end-of-life in the context of these complex and varying preferences is critical to reduce distress and negative psychosocial adjustment.(16) This narrative review examined the existing literature on end-of-life communication for AYAs with cancer.”
BackgroundMitima-Verloop, H. B., Mooren, T. T. M., & Boelen, P. A. (2019) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2019.1686090 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Bridging the Gaps in Palliative Care Bereavement Support: An International Perspective
Breen, L. J., Aoun, S. M., O’Connor, M., & Rumbold, B. D. (2013) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2012.725451 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Several factors contribute to the risk of complicated grief and include factors prior to bereavement such as previous loss, psychiatric history, relationship with the deceased, attachment style, and exposure to trauma, and factors at the time of death such as mode of death, death preparedness, and lack of social suppo…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCircumstances of the death and associated risk factors for severity and impairment of COVID-19 grief
Neimeyer, R. A., & Lee, S. A. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1896459 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC support for the bereaved) and features associated with the death itself (e.g. violent death bereavement; Burke & Neimeyer, 2013; Lobb et al., 2010; Neimeyer & Burke, 2017).”
BackgroundConsidering grief in mental health outcomes of COVID-19.
Bertuccio, R. F., & Runion, M. C. (2020) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000723 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Circumstances of Death and Complicated Grief: Indirect Associations Through Meaning Made of Loss
Rozalski, V., Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2016.1161426 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Commentary on the Inclusion of Persistent Complex Bereavement-Related Disorder in DSM-5
Boelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2012) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2012.706982 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“, 2011), biopsychosocial correlates and risk factors (Burke & Neimeyer, 2012; Lobb et al., 2010; Van der Houwen et al., 2010), and treatment interventions (Boelen, de Keijser, van den Bout, & van den Hout, 2007; De Groot et al.”
BackgroundPredictors of Prolonged Grief, Resilience, and Recovery Among Bereaved Spouses
Mancini, A. D., Sinan, B., & Bonanno, G. A. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22224 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The relationship between substance misuse and complicated grief: A systematic review
Parisi, A. B., Sharma, A., Howard, M. O., & Wilson, A. B. (2019) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2019.05.012 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Complicated grief after suicide bereavement and other causes of death
Tal, I., Mauro, C., Reynolds, C. F., Shear, M. K., Simon, N. M., Lebowitz, B. D., Skritskaya, N. A., Wang, Y., Qiu, X., Iglewicz, A., et al. (2016) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2016.1265028 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Although CG occurs after the death of a friend or loved one by any means, it may occur with greater frequency after a death by suicide (de Groot & Kollen, 2013; Dyregrov, Nordanger, & Dyregrov, 2003; Jordan, 2008; Kristensen, Weisaeth, & Heir, 2012; Lobb et al., 2010; Mitchell, Kim, Prigerson, & Mortimer-Stephens, 200…”
BackgroundGuldin, M., Kjaersgaard, M. I. S., Fenger‐Grøn, M., Parner, E. T., Li, J., Prior, A., & Vestergaard, M. (2017) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20422 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Russell, C. A., & Schau, H. J. (2013) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/673959 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Liu, W., Forbat, L., & Anderson, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214838 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Mortazavi, S. S., Shahbazi, N., Taban, M., Alimohammadi, A., & Shati, M. (2021) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228211032736 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“In general, previous studies have shown that the presence of such factors as the lack of readiness for death, high stress at the time of death, preventable death, and poor perceived social support after death can be considered as predictors of unresolved and complicated grief (Lobb et al., 2010).”
BackgroundRobinson, C., & Pond, R. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.011 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Depression, Hopelessness, and Complicated Grief in Survivors of Suicide
Bellini, S., Erbuto, D., Andriessen, K., Milelli, M., Innamorati, M., Lester, D., Sampogna, G., Fiorillo, A., & Pompili, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00198 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“It is expressed through chronic, persisting characteristics of acute grief, and is more likely to occur after a sudden or violent death such as homicide or suicide (Lobb et al., 2010; Shear, 2015).”
BackgroundGrief in family carers of people living with dementia: A systematic review
Crawley, S., Sampson, E. L., Moore, K. J., Kupeli, N., & West, E. (2022) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610221002787 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“While the prevalence of CG is estimated between 10 and 20% (Lobb et al. , 2010), one in three carers of people living with dementia was found to access bereavement services (Bergman et al. , 2011) suggesting a higher proportion of carers seek professional support than the bereavement model…”
Rostila, M., Berg, L., Arat, A., Vinnerljung, B., & Hjern, A. (2016) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0833-6 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Harrop, E. J., Morgan, F. M., Longo, M., Semedo, L., Fitzgibbon, J., Pickett, S., Scott, H., Seddon, K., Sivell, S., Nelson, A., et al. (2020) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216320920533 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“34(7) 871 –888 © The Author(s) 2020 Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.”
BackgroundDyregrov, K., Dyregrov, A., & Kristensen, P. (2014) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2014.957603 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“In addition, closeness to the deceased, lack of preparedness, as well as age and gender have been documented to increase the probability of complicated grief processes, a risk that increases when young people die (Hardison, Neimeyer, & Lichstein, 2005; Lobb et al., 2010; Nakajima et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBoelen, P. A., Lenferink, L. I. M., & Smid, G. E. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.006 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Selman, L. E., FARNELL, D. J. J., Longo, M., Goss, S., Seddon, K., Torrens‐Burton, A., Mayland, C. R., Wakefield, D., Johnston, B. M., Byrne, A., et al. (2022) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163221074876 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Mayland, C. R., Hughes, R., Lane, S., McGlinchey, T., Donnellan, W. J., Bennett, K. M., Hanna, J. R., Rapa, E., Dalton, L. J., & Mason, S. R. (2021) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163211019885 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Complicated grief: recent developments in diagnostic criteria and treatment
Nakajima, S. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0273 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
O luto nos tempos da COVID-19: desafios do cuidado durante a pandemia
Dantas, C. D. R., de Azevedo, R. C. S., Vieira, L. C., Côrtes, M. T. F., Federmann, A. L. P., Cucco, L. D. M., Rodrigues, L. R., Domingues, J. F. R., Dantas, J. E., Portella, I. P., et al. (2020) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicopatologia Fundamental · doi:10.1590/1415-4714.2020v23n3p509.5 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
What determines supportive behaviors following bereavement? A systematic review and call to action
Logan, E. L., Thornton, J. A., & Breen, L. J. (2017) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2017.1329760 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Although a multitude of factors (e.g., attachment to the deceased or cause of death) may complicate the grieving process (Lobb et al., 2010), very few of these can be modified after the fact to the extent that social support can (Bath, 2009).”
BackgroundReitsma, L., Boelen, P. A., de Keijser, J., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104286 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Mitima-Verloop, H. B., Mooren, T. T. M., Kritikou, M. E., & Boelen, P. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.878818 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Floyd, F. J., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., & Song, J. (2012) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0029986 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“In a sense, the failure to obtain a main effect on depression symptoms for the accident subgroup would seem to contrast with a large body of research showing robust predictions of complicated grief by sudden and violent deaths as opposed to other causes (see Lobb et al., 2010).”
ResultGaragiola, E. R., Lam, Q., Wachsmuth, L. S., Tan, T. Y., Ghali, S., Asafo, S. M., & Swarna, M. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12070220 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A Network Approach to Understanding Quality of Life Impairments in Prolonged Grief Disorder
Maccallum, F., & Bryant, R. A. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22383 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Comteße, H., & Rosner, R. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1591330 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The differentiation of losses within family and friends might be a more suitable approach to examine the impact of multiple losses (Hengst et al., 2018; Stammel et al., 2013); particularly as the familial relationship to the deceased has been shown to affect PGD severity (Lobb et al., 2010).”
BackgroundVig, P. S., Lim, J. Y., Lee, R. W. L., Huang, H., Tan, X. H., Lim, W. Q., Lim, M. B. X. Y., Lee, A. S. I., Chiam, M., Lim, C., et al. (2021) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-021-00831-1 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Doering, B. K., Barke, A., Vogel, A., Comteße, H., & Rosner, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.853698 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Lipp, N. S., & O’Brien, K. M. (2020) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222820941952 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“In addition, a systematic review of the literature found that perceived social support was critical after experiencing a death (Lobb et al., 2010).”
BackgroundProlonged grief symptomatology following violent loss: The mediating role of meaning
Milman, E., Neimeyer, R. A., Fitzpatrick, M., MacKinnon, C. J., Muis, K. R., & Cohen, S. R. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1503522 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Contrary to previous research findings and theory (e.g. Burke & Neimeyer, 2013; Lobb et al., 2010), violent loss was not significantly correlated with”
BackgroundResultInfluentialJaaniste, T., Coombs, S., Donnelly, T. J., Kelk, N., & Beston, D. (2017) · Children · doi:10.3390/children4110096 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“There are numerous pre-existing intrapersonal factors, such as substance abuse, mental health problems, and poor physical health, which are widely recognized to compromise an individual’s coping resources and place them at greater risk of poor bereavement outcomes [43,111].”
BackgroundApplebaum, A. J., Baser, R. E., Roberts, K. E., Lynch, K. A., Gebert, R. R., BREITBART, W. S., & Diamond, E. L. (2022) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibac043 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Holm, A. L., Berland, A. K., & Severinsson, E. (2019) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.243 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Lobb et al. (2010) aimed to clarify current knowledge to inform future planning and work in the area of complicated grief following bereavement.”
BackgroundGrief After Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide: A Systematic Review
Andriessen, K., Krysinska, K., Castelli Dransart, D. A., Dargis, L., & Mishara, B. L. (2020) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000630 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Unresolved grief questions, lack of social support, and perceived stigma may increase their risk of disordered grief and negative mental health (Lobb et al., 2010; Oexle, Feigelman, & Sheehan, 2018; Pitman et al., 2017; Wagner, Keller, et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThe Association Between Bereavement and Biomarkers of Inflammation
Cohen, M. W., Granger, S. J. R., & Fuller‐Thomson, E. (2013) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2013.866539 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“There are a number of factors that affect the nature and intensity of the grieving process, including relationship (eg parent, spouse), nature of the death,(2) and previous psychiatric history of the bereaved.(3) In bereavement, individuals often experience a range of distressing emotions (anguish, loss, sadness, sorr…”
BackgroundLövgren, M., Sveen, J., Nyberg, T., Eilegård, A., Prigerson, H. G., Steineck, G., & Kreicbergs, U. C. (2017) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2017.0029 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Grief Before and After Bereavement in the Elderly: An Approach to Care.
Meichsner, F., O’Connor, M., Skritskaya, N., & Shear, M. K. (2020) · The American journal of geriatric psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.12.010 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
O’Connor, M., & Breen, L. J. (2014) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-14-59 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Hasdenteufel, M., & Quintard, B. (2022) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-022-01096-y · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Prolonged grief and attachment security: A latent class analysis
Maccallum, F., & Bryant, R. A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.038 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Masferrer, L., Garre‐Olmo, J., & Caparrós, B. (2017) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2017.1285912 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“We assumed a prevalence of 15% in the general population (Lobb et al. 2010; Wittouck et al. 2011) and an a level of 0.05 for a precision of ±5% units in a bilateral contrast.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe impact of bereavement support on wellbeing: a comparative study between Australia and Ireland
Aoun, S. M., Keegan, O., Roberts, A., & Breen, L. J. (2020) · Palliative Care and Social Practice · doi:10.1177/2632352420935132 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationAtwoli, L., Stein, D. J., King, A., Petukhova, M. V., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Bromet, E. J., de Girolamo, G., Demyttenaere, K., Florescu, S., et al. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22579 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“tentwith prior studies of complicated grief, includingwork on bereavement symptoms after loss of a spouse or child (Kristensen et al., 2012; Lobb et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultDeath and Mourning Process in Frontline Health Care Professionals and Their Families During COVID-19
Das, S., Singh, T., Varma, R., & Arya, Y. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.624428 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Selman, L. E., Sowden, R., & Borgstrom, E. (2021) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163211017023 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Killikelly, C., Lorenz, L., Bauer, S., Shamir, M. M., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.014 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Randomised controlled trial of a cognitive narrative intervention for complicated grief in widowhood
Barbosa, V., Sá, M., & Carlos Rocha, J. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.833164 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Investigating risk for grief severity: Attachment to the deceased and relationship quality
Smigelsky, M. A., Bottomley, J. S., Relyea, G. E., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2019) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1548539 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Finally, it may be surprising to see an increased risk for grief severity for the Securely attached group, given that it is attachment insecurity that is commonly implicated as a risk factor (Lobb et al., 2010).”
BackgroundHarrop, E. J., Medeiros, R., Goss, S., Longo, M., Byrne, A., FARNELL, D. J. J., Seddon, K., Penny, A., Machin, L., Sivell, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1215881 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…of the death, ability to say goodbye to the deceased, support from healthcare professionals at the end of life, perceived social support) (10, 23, 44–46) or are known to be indirectly associated with such outcomes (qualifications, health status, place of death, cause of death) (47, 48).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChanges in Parental Self-Identity Following the Death of a Child to Cancer
O'Connor, K., & Barrera, M. (2014) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.801376 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…1991), and that difficulties with selfidentity following the death of a child are consistently associated with a range of negative outcomes (e.g., Lobb et al., 2010), a targeted examination of parental self-identity is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted dimensions…”
BackgroundLenferink, L. I. M., de Keijser, J., Wessel, I., de Vries, D., & Boelen, P. A. (2017) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838017699602 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“35 2 Systematic reviews have shown that the death of a significant other can lead to serious mental health issues, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and complicated grief1(Kristensen, Weisæth, & Heir, 2012; Lobb et al., 2010; van Denderen, de Keijser, Kleen, & Boelen, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialTuffrey‐Wijne, I., Finlayson, J., Bernal, J., Taggart, L., Lam, C. K. K., & Todd, S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12714 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Lack of preparation for the death of a loved one is a risk factor for complicated grief processes, both within the general population (Lobb et al., 2010) and for people with ID (Blackman, 2003).”
BackgroundTitlestad, K. B., & Dyregrov, K. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221098584 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Proper support from informal networks (families, friends, work-colleagues, etc.) may counteract negative consequences of loss and be of great importance for coping with grief (Lobb et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStigma, grief and depressive symptoms in help-seeking people bereaved through suicide
Scocco, P., Preti, A., Totaro, S., Corrigan, P. W., & Castriotta, C. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.098 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lechner‐Meichsner, F., Comteße, H., & Olk, M. (2024) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-024-00586-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Levi‐Belz, Y., & Aisenberg-Shafran, D. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.006 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Public Attitudes About Normal and Pathological Grief
Penman, E. L., Breen, L. J., Hewitt, L. Y., & Prigerson, H. G. (2014) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.873839 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“A number of factors shape the experience of grief (Lobb et al., 2010).”
BackgroundRestorative Retelling for Violent Loss: An Open Clinical Trial
Saindon, C., Rheingold, A. A., Baddeley, J. L., Wallace, M. M., Brown, C., & Rynearson, E. K. (2013) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.783654 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Survivors of violence loss are at increased risk for a variety of psychological symptoms and disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse (Amick-McMullan, Kilpatrick, & Resnick, 1991; Zinzow, Rheingold, Hawkins, Saunders, & Kilpatrick, 2009) as well as prolonged grief (Lobb…”
BackgroundWerner‐Lin, A., & Biank, N. M. (2012) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.66.1.a · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“For example, a recent systematic review found that pre-death dependence on a spouse, pre-loss burden (associated, perhaps, with increased caregiving and parenting responsibilities), and intense or severe life events are predictors of complicated grief (Lobb et al., 2010).”
BackgroundLevi‐Belz, Y., & Ari, L. L. (2019) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000940 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lobb, E. A., Kristjanson, L. J., Aoun, S. M., Monterosso, L., Halkett, G. K. B., & Davies, A.
- Affiliations
- Edith Cowan University (AU)
- Curtin University (AU)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Lobb, Elizabeth A.
- Venue
- Death Studies
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-08-19
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 673-698
- ISSN
- 0748-1187 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-7683
- OpenAlex
- W2047256903
- Cited by
- 611
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 1.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Death Studies (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- ResearchOnline@ND (The University of Notre Dame) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Government
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- complicated grief, bereavement, attachment styles, trauma exposure, psychiatric history, violent death, caregiver experiences, kinship, marital intimacy, preparation for death, social support, cognitive appraisal, meaning-making, attachment theory, constructivist learning model, cognitive-behavioral model
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Attitude to Death, Mental Disorders, Grief, Humans, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Violence, Caregivers
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