Clinical features and insulin regulation in infants with a syndrome of prolonged neonatal hyperinsulinism

Hoe, Francis M.; Thornton, Paul S.; Wanner, Laura A.; Steinkrauss, Linda; Simmons, Rebecca A.; Stanley, Charles A.

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.10.002

Cited by 174Pancreatic function and diabetesDiabetes and associated disordersMetabolism and Genetic Disorders

Clinical features and insulin regulation in infants with a syndrome of prolonged neonatal hyperinsulinism

Hoe, Francis M., Thornton, Paul S., Wanner, Laura A., Steinkrauss, Linda, Simmons, Rebecca A., Stanley, Charles A.·2006·The Journal of Pediatrics

DOI 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.10.002

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Abstract

Objectives To characterize the clinical features and insulin regulation in infants with hypoglycemia due to prolonged neonatal hyperinsulinism.Study design Data were collected on 26 infants with hypoglycemia due to neonatal hyperinsulinism that later resolved. Acute insulin response (AIR) tests to calcium, leucine, glucose, and tolbutamide were performed in 11 neonates. Results were compared to children with genetic hyperinsulinism due to mutations of the adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium (K(ATP)) channel and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).Results Among the 26 neonates, there were significantly more males, small-for-gestational-age infants, and cesarean deliveries. Only 5 of the 26 had no identifiable risk factor. Hyperinsulinism was diagnosed at a median age of 13 days (range, 2 to 180 days) and resolved by a median age of 181 days (range, 18 to 403 days). Diazoxide was effective in 19 of the 21 neonates treated. In the 11 neonates tested, the AIRs to calcium, leucine, glucose, and tolbutamide resembled those in normal controls and differed from genetic hyperinsulinism due to K(ATP) channel and GDH mutations.Conclusions We define a syndrome of prolonged neonatal hyperinsulinism that is responsive to diazoxide, persists for several months, and resolves spontaneously. AIR tests suggest that both the K(ATP) channel and GDH have normal function.

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There is no assurance that the plasma lactate level will be sufficiently elevated to compensate for low glucose in high-risk neonates.
“Of concern, as noted previously,3 plasma ketone levels are suppressed during hypoglycemia in high-risk neonates, making them particularly vulnerable to hypoglycemia-induced brain damage, and there is no assurance the plasma lactate level will be sufficiently elevated to compensate for low glucose.27,28,30,39”
From Recommendations from the Pediatric Endocrine Society for evaluation and management of persistent hypoglycemia in neonates, infants, and children (2015) · cites this paper as [30]
Ongoing hypoglycemia beyond the first 48 hours of life, and particularly beyond the first week, increases the concern for an underlying hypoglycemia disorder such as prolonged neonatal hyperinsulinism or a genetic disorder.
“The committee also focused on postnatal age, because ongoing hypoglycemia beyond the first 48 hours of life (and particularly beyond the first week) increases the concern for an underlying hypoglycemia disorder, such as prolonged neonatal hyperinsulinism,30 or a genetic disorder.”
From Recommendations from the Pediatric Endocrine Society for evaluation and management of persistent hypoglycemia in neonates, infants, and children (2015) · cites this paper as [30]

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Authors: Hoe, F. M., Thornton, P. S., Wanner, L. A., Steinkrauss, L., Simmons, R. A., & Stanley, C. A.
Affiliations: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
Corresponding author: Stanley, Charles A.
ORCID: Thornton, Paul S.
Simmons, Rebecca A.
Stanley, Charles A.
Venue: The Journal of Pediatrics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-02
Volume: 148
Issue: 2
Pages: 207-212
ISSN: 0022-3476 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.10.002
OpenAlex: W2050708063
Cited by: 174
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 6.10
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Journal of Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01-DK 56268, R01DK056268)
National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR-00240, M01RR000240)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Keywords: neonatal hyperinsulinism, neonatal hypoglycemia, insulin regulation, acute insulin response, diazoxide, ATP-sensitive potassium channels, glutamate dehydrogenase, spontaneous resolution, small for gestational age
MeSH terms: Insulin Secretion, Antihypertensive Agents, Calcium, Diazoxide, Enteral Nutrition, Fasting, Female, Glucose, Humans, Hyperinsulinism, Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Infusions, Intravenous, Insulin, Leucine, Male, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sweetening Agents, Tolbutamide, Case-Control Studies

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Clinical features and insulin regulation in infants with a syndrome of prolonged neonatal hyperinsulinism

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