Antibiotic Exposure in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit and the Risk of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Abstract

Objective To determine if duration of antibiotic exposure is an independent risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) Study design A retrospective, 2:1 control-case analysis was conducted comparing neonates with NEC to those without from 2000 through 2008. Controls were matched on gestational age, birth weight, and birth year. In each matched triad, demographic and risk factor data were collected from birth until the diagnosis of NEC in the case subject. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were utilized to assess associations between risk factors and NEC. Results 124 cases of NEC were matched with 248 controls. Cases were less likely to have respiratory distress syndrome (p=0.018) and more likely to reach full enteral feeding (p=0.028) than controls. Cases were more likely to have culture-proven sepsis (p<0.0001). Given the association between sepsis and antibiotic use, we tested for and found a significant interaction between the two variables (p=0.001). When neonates with sepsis were removed from the cohort, the risk of NEC increased significantly with duration of antibiotic exposure. Exposure for >10 days resulted in a nearly three-fold increase in the risk of developing NEC Conclusions Duration of antibiotic exposure is associated with an increased risk of NEC among neonates without prior sepsis.