Very Preterm Birth Influences Parental Mental Health and Family Outcomes Seven Years after Birth
Open accessAbstract
Objective To evaluate the long-term influence of very preterm birth on parental mental health, family functioning, and parenting stress at age 2 and 7 years.Study design Participants were 183 children born very preterm (<30 weeks gestation; n = 148 families) and 69 term-born children (n = 66 families). When children were age 7 years, parents were assessed based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Family Assessment Device, the Parenting Stress Index, and the Social Support Questionnaire. Similar measures were evaluated at age 2 years.Results When the children were age 7 years, parents of the very preterm-born children were more likely to report moderate to severe anxiety symptoms (P = .03), higher levels of depression symptoms (P = .03), poorer family functioning (P < .05), and higher levels of parenting stress (P < .001) compared with parents of the children born at term. Group differences in parenting stress and family functioning persisted after adjustment for social risk and child neurodevelopmental disability. There was strong evidence of a relationship between family functioning and parent-related stress at age 2 and 7 years (P < .001), but little evidence that parental mental health problems at 2 years were predictive of anxiety (P = .15) or depression (P = .28) at 7 years for parents of very preterm children.Conclusion These findings demonstrate that very preterm birth has a negative influence on parent and family functioning at 7 years after birth, which for some families is consistent with their functioning at 2 years. These results have implications for the support required by parents of very preterm children.
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Two studies found higher stress in mothers of VPT and EPT infants compared with mothers of FT infants seven years after birth.
“Similarly, two studies found higher stress in mothers of VPT and EPT vs. mothers of FT seven years after birth (Linden et al., 2015; Treyvaud et al., 2014).”
From Parental stress and mental health outcomes following very preterm birth: A systematic review of recent findings (2024) · cites this paper as Treyvaud et al., 2014
The Results > Parenting Stress section reports higher parenting stress among parents of very preterm children than parents of term children at seven years. The Results section says 90% of questionnaire respondents were mothers, but the analysis reports parents rather than a mothers-only comparison; it also does not report a separate result for extremely preterm (EPT) children. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStress remained higher in parents of EPT infants compared with parents of FT infants even after controlling for social risk and child neurocognitive disability.
“The latter showed that stress remained higher in parents of EPT vs. FT even after controlling for social risk and child neurocognitive disability (Treyvaud et al., 2014).”
From Parental stress and mental health outcomes following very preterm birth: A systematic review of recent findings (2024) · cites this paper as Treyvaud et al., 2014
The Results (Parenting Stress; page unavailable) say that higher parenting stress in the very-preterm group persisted after adjustment for social risk and child neurodevelopmental disability. The Methods (page unavailable) define the study group as children born before 30 weeks’ gestation or weighing under 1250 g, not specifically extremely preterm (EPT) infants. The paper also adjusts for neurodevelopmental disability, which is broader than neurocognitive disability. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredParenting stress following preterm birth is mainly caused by the children's difficulties and the parent-infant interactions.
“This is in line with earlier findings that parenting stress following preterm birth is mainly caused by the children ' s difficulties and the parent-infant interactions (Treyvaud et al., 2014).”
From Parental stress and mental health outcomes following very preterm birth: A systematic review of recent findings (2024) · cites this paper as Treyvaud et al., 2014
The Discussion (page unavailable) suggests that child characteristics were the primary sources of parenting stress in the study’s very-preterm group. The Methods include parent–child interaction as one component of a stress measure, but the paper does not identify interactions as a main cause of stress. The claim also states causation more firmly than the Discussion’s tentative interpretation warrants. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredParents of ELBW infants were 2.5 times more likely to have clinical anxiety than parents of FT at 7 and 13 years (n=159).
“What is more, still in a population of ELBW, another study reported by two groups of authors found that parents were 2.5 times more likely of having clinical anxiety as parents of FT at 7 and 13 years (Treyvaud et al., 2014; Yaari et al., 2019) ( n = 159).”
From Parental stress and mental health outcomes following very preterm birth: A systematic review of recent findings (2024) · cites this paper as Treyvaud et al., 2014
The Discussion reports that clinically significant anxiety was 2.5 times more common among parents of very preterm children than among parents of term-born children at seven years. The Methods define the study group by gestation under 30 weeks or birth weight under 1250 g, not exclusively ELBW, and the paper does not report a 13-year assessment. The Results give 148 very preterm families and 66 term families available for analysis, not n=159. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne study showed higher anxiety symptoms 13 years after birth.
“although one study showed higher symptoms 13 years after birth (Akkus et al., 2021; Linden et al., 2015; Treyvaud et al., 2014)”
From Parental stress and mental health outcomes following very preterm birth: A systematic review of recent findings (2024) · cites this paper as Treyvaud et al., 2014
The Results (‘Parental mental health and social support at seven years’) report more moderate-to-severe anxiety symptoms among parents of very preterm children than among parents of term-born children. But this study assessed parents seven years after birth, not 13 years after birth. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Beyond two years, anxiety in mothers of preterm children seems to stabilize at a normal level.
“Beyond two years, anxiety seems therefore to stabilize at a normal level, although one study showed higher symptoms 13 years after birth (Akkus et al., 2021; Linden et al., 2015; Treyvaud et al., 2014)”
From Parental stress and mental health outcomes following very preterm birth: A systematic review of recent findings (2024) · cites this paper as Treyvaud et al., 2014
The Discussion reports that parents’ average anxiety scores at seven years were generally within the normal range, supporting that part of the claim. It does not establish that anxiety stabilized after two years: the Methods used different mental-health measures at two and seven years. The Results also report that parents of very preterm children were more likely than term-group parents to have moderate-to-severe anxiety at seven years. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn parents of VLBW children, mental health issues at two years did not predict moderate to severe anxiety or depression when the child was aged seven, unlike in parents of full-term children.
“Interestingly, Treyvaud et al. (2014) found that mental health issues at two years, did not predict moderate to severe anxiety or depression when the child was aged seven in parents of VLBW children, as opposed to parents of FT.”
From Parental stress and mental health outcomes following very preterm birth: A systematic review of recent findings (2024) · cites this paper as Treyvaud et al., 2014
The Results (Parental mental health and social support at seven years) found little evidence that mental health problems at two years predicted moderate–severe anxiety or depression at seven among parents of very preterm children; this is not proof that they did not predict either outcome. For parents of term children, the paper found a relationship with later anxiety, but could not assess later depression because none reported moderate–severe depression. The study cohort was defined by very preterm birth, not VLBW. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHaving an infant admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit is associated with increased parental stress, anxiety and depression.
“Having an infant admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is associated with increased parental stress, anxiety and depression.”
From Coached, Coordinated, Enhanced Neonatal Transition (CCENT): Protocol for a multicentre pragmatic randomised controlled trial of transition-to-home support for parents of high-risk infants (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
The Discussion and Results report higher parenting stress, anxiety and depression symptoms among parents of children born very preterm than among parents of term-born children, assessed seven years after birth. The paper does not establish this association for parents of all infants admitted to a NICU, so the citing sentence broadens the population studied. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAt 7 years, parents of VPT children showed higher total parenting stress in both parent- and child-related domains than parents of FT children, even after controlling for social risk and child disability.
“total stress in both parent- and child- related domain even when controlling for social risk and child disability”
From Parental stress and mental health outcomes following very preterm birth: A systematic review of recent findings (2024) · cites this paper as Treyvaud et al., 2014
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- Authors
- Treyvaud, K., Lee, K. J., Doyle, L. W., & Anderson, P. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Royal Women's Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Treyvaud, Karli
- Venue
- The Journal of Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-03
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 515-521
- ISSN
- 0022-3476 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3950307
- OpenAlex
- W2055723303
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 9.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD058056, R01HD058056)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- very preterm birth, parental mental health, parental anxiety, parental depression, family functioning, parental stress, social support, long-term outcomes, term-born children, neurodevelopmental disorders, parental support needs
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Depression, Family Relations, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Male, Mental Health, Parents, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Infant, Very Low Birth Weight
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