The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prevalence and Treatment of Depression, Anxiety, and Conduct Problems in US Children
Open accessAbstract
Objectives To use the latest data to estimate the prevalence and correlates of currently diagnosed depression, anxiety problems, and behavioral or conduct problems among children, and the receipt of related mental health treatment.Study design We analyzed data from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) to report nationally representative prevalence estimates of each condition among children aged 3-17 years and receipt of treatment by a mental health professional. Parents/caregivers reported whether their children had ever been diagnosed with each of the 3 conditions and whether they currently have the condition. Bivariate analyses were used to examine the prevalence of conditions and treatment according to sociodemographic and health-related characteristics. The independent associations of these characteristics with both the current disorder and utilization of treatment were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.Results Among children aged 3-17 years, 7.1% had current anxiety problems, 7.4% had a current behavioral/conduct problem, and 3.2% had current depression. The prevalence of each disorder was higher with older age and poorer child health or parent/caregiver mental/emotional health; condition-specific variations were observed in the association between other characteristics and the likelihood of disorder. Nearly 80% of those with depression received treatment in the previous year, compared with 59.3% of those with anxiety problems and 53.5% of those with behavioral/conduct problems. Model-adjusted effects indicated that condition severity and presence of a comorbid mental disorder were associated with treatment receipt.Conclusions The latest nationally representative data from the NSCH show that depression, anxiety, and behavioral/conduct problems are prevalent among US children and adolescents. Treatment gaps remain, particularly for anxiety and behavioral/conduct problems.
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“Research consistently shows that anxiety disorders (ADs) are the most common mental health conditions during adolescence [2–8]”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy as a transdiagnostic approach to adolescents with different anxiety disorders: study protocol. (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Adolescence is a critical phase of human development where mental health problems, particularly ADs, are highly prevalent (e.g., [3, 4]) and often persist and/or develop into other disorders throughout an individual's life (e.g., [14, 21]).”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy as a transdiagnostic approach to adolescents with different anxiety disorders: study protocol. (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Research consistently shows a significant association between youth suicide and mental health issues,17,18 which includes previous suicide attempts, the most robust clinical predictor of a future suicide attempt.14,19”
From Evidence-based youth suicide prevention and intervention in pediatric primary care settings. (2024) · cites this paper as [18]
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Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278
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Mental Health Surveillance Among Children — United States, 2013–2019
Bitsko, R. H., Claussen, A. H., Lichstein, J., Black, L. I., Jones, S. E., Danielson, M. L., Hoenig, J. M., Davis Jack, S. P., Brody, D. J., Gyawali, S., et al. (2022) · MMWR Supplements · doi:10.15585/mmwr.su7102a1 · Cited by 1,723
Self-citationNational trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults.
Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1878 · Cited by 1,424
Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders Among US Children in the 2001–2004 NHANES
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Brody, D., Fisher, P. W., Bourdon, K., & Koretz, D. S. (2010) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2598 · Cited by 1,172
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence: Gender and Psychopathology
Zahn-Waxler, C., Shirtcliff, E. A., & Marceau, K. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091358 · Cited by 1,072
Connell, A. M., & Goodman, S. H. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.746 · Cited by 1,037
(2013) · PubMed · Cited by 770
Barriers to children's mental health services
OWENS, P. L., HOAGWOOD, K., HORWITZ, S. M., LEAF, P. J., PODUSKA, J. M., KELLAM, S. G., & IALONGO, N. S. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200206000-00013 · Cited by 565
Parental Major Depression and the Risk of Depression and Other Mental Disorders in Offspring
Lieb, R., Isensee, B., Höfler, M., Pfister, H., & Wïttchen, H. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.4.365 · Cited by 564
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Mental Health Surveillance Among Children — United States, 2013–2019
Bitsko, R. H., Claussen, A. H., Lichstein, J., Black, L. I., Jones, S. E., Danielson, M. L., Hoenig, J. M., Davis Jack, S. P., Brody, D. J., Gyawali, S., et al. (2022) · MMWR Supplements · doi:10.15585/mmwr.su7102a1 · Cited by 1,723
Self-citationSacco, R., Camilleri, N., Eberhardt, J., Umla‐Runge, K., & Newbury‐Birch, D. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02131-2 · Cited by 341
Keyes, K. M., & Platt, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13864 · Cited by 253
Longitudinal increases in childhood depression symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown
Bignardi, G., Dalmaijer, E. S., Anwyl-Irvine, A. L., Smith, T. A., Šiugždaitė, R., Uh, S., & Astle, D. E. (2020) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2020-320372 · Cited by 269
Hoffman, J. A., & Miller, E. A. (2020) · World Medical & Health Policy · doi:10.1002/wmh3.365 · Cited by 248
Metadata
- Authors
- Ghandour, R. M., Sherman, L. J., Vladutiu, C. J., Ali, M. M., Lynch, S. E., Bitsko, R. H., & Blumberg, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Health Resources and Services Administration (US)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ghandour, Reem M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-03
- Volume
- 206
- Pages
- 256-267.e3
- ISSN
- 0022-3476 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6673640
- OpenAlex
- W2896114619
- Cited by
- 1,135
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 184 · 2022: 231 · 2021: 199 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 21
- FWCI
- 95.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- childhood depression, childhood anxiety, conduct problems, behavioral problems, prevalence, psychotherapy, treatment gap, comorbidities, sociodemographic factors, National Survey of Children's Health, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Prevalence, Conduct Disorder
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