Epidemiology and Impact of Health Care Provider–Diagnosed Anxiety and Depression Among US Children

Bitsko, Rebecca H.; Holbrook, Joseph R.; Ghandour, Reem M.; Blumberg, Stephen J.; Visser, Susanna N.; Perou, Ruth; Walkup, John T.

doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000571

Cited by 365Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Treatment and AccessMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Epidemiology and Impact of Health Care Provider–Diagnosed Anxiety and Depression Among US Children

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Bitsko, Rebecca H., Holbrook, Joseph R., Ghandour, Reem M., Blumberg, Stephen J., Visser, Susanna N., Perou, Ruth, Walkup, John T.·2018·Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics

DOI 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000571PMC PMC6003874

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Abstract

Objective: This study documents the prevalence and impact of anxiety and depression in US children based on the parent report of health care provider diagnosis. Methods: National Survey of Children's Health data from 2003, 2007, and 2011–2012 were analyzed to estimate the prevalence of anxiety or depression among children aged 6 to 17 years. Estimates were based on the parent report of being told by a health care provider that their child had the specified condition. Sociodemographic characteristics, co-occurrence of other conditions, health care use, school measures, and parenting aggravation were estimated using 2011–2012 data. Results: Based on the parent report, lifetime diagnosis of anxiety or depression among children aged 6 to 17 years increased from 5.4% in 2003 to 8.4% in 2011–2012. Current anxiety or depression increased from 4.7% in 2007 to 5.3% in 2011–2012; current anxiety increased significantly, whereas current depression did not change. Anxiety and depression were associated with increased risk of co-occurring conditions, health care use, school problems, and having parents with high parenting aggravation. Children with anxiety or depression with effective care coordination or a medical home were less likely to have unmet health care needs or parents with high parenting aggravation. Conclusion: By parent report, more than 1 in 20 US children had current anxiety or depression in 2011–2012. Both were associated with significant comorbidity and impact on children and families. These findings may inform efforts to improve the health and well-being of children with internalizing disorders. Future research is needed to determine why child anxiety diagnoses seem to have increased from 2007 to 2012.

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The prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety and moderately severe to severe depression in this study were lower than expected based on previous literature.
“Interestingly, though, the prevalence of reporting moderate to severe anxiety (15.8%) and moderately severe to severe depression (7.0%) were lower than expected based on previous literature [3,4,5].”
From Academic Stress, Physical Activity, Sleep, and Mental Health among Chinese Adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says this paper’s estimates of provider-diagnosed childhood anxiety were lower than those in community-based studies. It does not make the same comparison for depression, and its parent-reported diagnoses are not directly comparable to the citing study’s moderate-to-severe symptom categories. It therefore supports the general anxiety comparison, but not the full claim about both conditions. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Authors: Bitsko, R. H., Holbrook, J. R., Ghandour, R. M., Blumberg, S. J., Visser, S. N., Perou, R., & Walkup, J. T.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Health Resources and Services Administration (US)
Lurie Children's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Bitsko, Rebecca H.
Holbrook, Joseph R.
ORCID: Bitsko, Rebecca H.
Holbrook, Joseph R.
Ghandour, Reem M.
Blumberg, Stephen J.
Visser, Susanna N.
Walkup, John T.
Venue: Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2018-06
Volume: 39
Issue: 5
Pages: 395-403
ISSN: 0196-206X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000571
PMC: PMC6003874
OpenAlex: W2799338644
Cited by: 364
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 5 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 37.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: childhood anxiety, childhood depression, prevalence, parent report, internalizing disorders, comorbidities, health care utilization, school problems, care coordination, patient-centered medical home, unmet health needs, National Survey of Children's Health
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Health Personnel, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Income, Male, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Comorbidity

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Epidemiology and Impact of Health Care Provider–Diagnosed Anxiety and Depression Among US Children

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