Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence: Gender and Psychopathology

Zahn-Waxler, Carolyn; Shirtcliff, Elizabeth A.; Marceau, Kristine

doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091358

Cited by 1,072Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychology and Mental HealthPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending

Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence: Gender and Psychopathology

Zahn-Waxler, Carolyn, Shirtcliff, Elizabeth A., Marceau, Kristine·2008·Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091358

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Abstract

Early-onset disorders (e.g., conduct problems, autism) show a marked male preponderance, whereas adolescent-onset disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) show a marked female preponderance. A developmental psychopathology framework provides a means to investigate complex gender-related etiologies of these different disorders. This review focuses on biological and environmental factors implicated in the development of conduct problems and depression in boys and girls. Boys and girls showed certain differences in types, rates, comorbidities, antecedents, correlates, and trajectories of these problems. Origins of male and female preponderant problems are likely to be rooted, in part, in biological, physical, cognitive, and social-emotional differences in boys and girls that can precede the expression of clinical problems. These male-like and female-like characteristics are considered regarding conduct problems and depression to explore how they inform biological and environmental theories about gender and psychopathology. At the same time, because boys and girls also show many similarities, it is important to avoid sex-stereotyping mental health problems.

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It is well known that genders differ in risk for specific forms of developmental psychopathology: girls are more likely to have internalizing disorders and boys externalizing disorders.
“This is puzzling, given the well-known observation of differing patterns of risk to specific forms of developmental psychopathology between genders, with girls more likely to exhibit internalizing disorders, and boys to present with externalizing disorders (Zahn-Waxler, Shirtcliff and Marceau, 2008).”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Zahn-Waxler, Shirtcliff and Marceau, 2008

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Why is depression more common among women than among men?
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Gay–Straight Alliances Are Associated With Student Health: A Multischool Comparison of LGBTQ and Heterosexual Youth
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Authors: Zahn-Waxler, C., Shirtcliff, E. A., & Marceau, K.
Affiliations: Senior Scientist, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726-1696;
University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
ORCID: Shirtcliff, Elizabeth A.
Marceau, Kristine
Venue: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2008-04-01
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 275-303
ISSN: 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
1548-5951
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091358
OpenAlex: W2147634556
Cited by: 1,072
References: 162
Citations by year: 2026: 55 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 60
FWCI: 6.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Keywords: developmental psychopathology, conduct problems, depression, autism spectrum disorder, sex differences, biological sex differences, environmental risk factors, gender stereotypes, comorbidities
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Brain, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Conflict, Psychological, Depression, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Male, Marriage, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Temperament, Testosterone, Child of Impaired Parents, Parenting, Sex Distribution, Conduct Disorder

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Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence: Gender and Psychopathology

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