Cited by 262Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchNeuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyCircadian rhythm and melatonin

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Neurochemical regulation of sleep

Steiger, Axel·2007·Journal of Psychiatric Research

DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.04.007

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Abstract

This review summarizes recent developments in the field of sleep regulation, particularly in the role of hormones, and of synthetic GABA(A) receptor agonists. Certain hormones play a specific role in sleep regulation. A reciprocal interaction of the neuropeptides growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays a key role in sleep regulation. At least in males GHRH is a common stimulus of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and GH and inhibits the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) hormones, whereas CRH exerts opposite effects. Furthermore CRH may enhance rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS). Changes in the GHRH:CRH ratio in favor of CRH appear to contribute to sleep EEG and endocrine changes during depression and normal ageing. In women, however, CRH-like effects of GHRH were found. Besides CRH somatostatin impairs sleep, whereas ghrelin, galanin and neuropeptide Y promote sleep. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide appears to be involved in the temporal organization of human sleep. Beside of peptides, steroids participate in sleep regulation. Cortisol appears to promote REMS. Various neuroactive steroids exert specific effects on sleep. The beneficial effect of estrogen replacement therapy in menopausal women suggests a role of estrogen in sleep regulation. The GABA(A) receptor or GABAergic neurons are involved in the action of many of these hormones. Recently synthetic GABA(A) agonists, particularly gaboxadol and the GABA reuptake inhibitor tiagabine were shown to differ distinctly in their action from allosteric modulators of the GABA(A) receptor like benzodiazepines as they promote slow-wave sleep, decrease wakefulness and do not affect REMS.

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Authors: Steiger, A.
Affiliations: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
Corresponding author: Steiger, Axel
ORCID: Steiger, Axel
Venue: Journal of Psychiatric Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-10
Volume: 41
Issue: 7
Pages: 537-552
ISSN: 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.04.007
OpenAlex: W2060446870
Cited by: 262
References: 188
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 7.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Keywords: sleep regulation, neuropeptides, growth hormone-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor, somatostatin, ghrelin, galanin, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, neurosteroids, cortisol, estrogen, menopause, GABA-A receptor agonists, gaboxadol, tiagabine, benzodiazepines, REM sleep, slow-wave sleep, depression, aging
MeSH terms: Tiagabine, Brain, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Electroencephalography, Estrogens, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Isoxazoles, Neuropeptides, Nipecotic Acids, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Sleep Stages, Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone, GABA Agonists, Hormone Replacement Therapy, GABA-A Receptor Agonists

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Neurochemical regulation of sleep

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