Cited by 413Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Treatment and AccessPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in the general German population

Hinz, Andreas, Brähler, Elmar·2011·Journal of Psychosomatic Research

DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.01.005

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Abstract

Objective The aim of this study was to present normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).Methods A representative sample of the German general population (N=4410) was tested with the HADS.Results Females are more anxious than males, and older subjects are more depressed than younger subjects. The mean scores for anxiety / depression are 4.4 / 4.8 (males) and 5.0 / 4.7 (females). Using the cut-off 8+, the percentages of elevated anxiety and depression in the total sample are 21 % and 23 %, respectively. Regression analyses proved a linear but not a curvilinear age trend of anxiety and depression. Percentile rank norms are given for anxiety, depression, and the HADS total score.Conclusion The regression coefficients allow the calculation of expected mean scores for each age and gender distribution of any sample of patients. HADS mean scores are better suited to describe the degree of anxiety and depression in patient samples compared to percentages of subjects with elevated values.

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A psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients with coronary heart disease
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Retracted
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
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“Percentile norm values are only given in the British studies [17,18] with the very high anxiety mean scores.”
Background
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Authors: Hinz, A., & Brähler, E.
Affiliations: Leipzig University (DE)
Corresponding author: Hinz, Andreas
ORCID: Hinz, Andreas
Brähler, Elmar
Venue: Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-08
Volume: 71
Issue: 2
Pages: 74-78
ISSN: 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.01.005
OpenAlex: W1985540648
Cited by: 413
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 21.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, reference values, anxiety, depression, German general population, age differences, gender differences, percentile norms, cut-off values, prevalence of anxiety and depression
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reference Values, Sex Factors

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Normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in the general German population

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