CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 52Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsCardiac Health and Mental HealthAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Anxiety and risk of type 2 diabetes: Evidence from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study

Open access
Edwards, Lauren E., Mezuk, Briana·2012·Journal of Psychosomatic Research
DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.09.018PMC PMC3499773
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective Depression is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and is also commonly comorbid with anxiety. However, few studies have examined whether anxiety is predictive of diabetes risk. The objectives of this study are to examine the prospective relationship between anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, and agoraphobia) and risk of type 2 diabetes over an 11-year period, and to investigate the association between anxiety and risk of diabetes-related complications among those with prevalent type 2 diabetes. Methods Data come from the 1993/6 and 2004/5 waves of the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (N=1920), a population-based prospective cohort. Anxiety disorders were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The prospective association between anxiety and incident type 2 diabetes was evaluated using a series of nested multivariable logistic regression models. Results At baseline, 315 participants (21.8%) had an anxiety disorder. The relationship between anxiety and risk of developing type 2 diabetes was not statistically significant after controlling for demographic characteristics (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.28, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.75, 2.18). There was no relationship between anxiety and diabetes risk after controlling for health behaviors and depression status (OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.53, 1.89). There was no significant relationship between anxiety and development of diabetes-related complications among those with prevalent type 2 diabetes (OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 0.61, 6.74). Conclusion Anxiety disorders are not associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes or risk of diabetes complications among those who have diabetes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.09.018

Cites

10 of 10 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (n=1,920; 8.6% had diabetes mellitus and anxiety; 11-year follow-up), there was no statistically significant relationship between anxiety and incident diabetes complications (OR 2.02; 95% CI 0.61-6.74).

    “Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study ( n = 1,920; 8.6% had diabetes mellitus and anxiety; 11 year follow-up) | Anxiety assessed by diagnostic interview | § No statistically significant relationship between anxiety and incident diabetes complications (OR 2.02; 95% CI 0.61-6.74).”

    From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as Edwards (2012) 126

    Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In US adults (n=1920; 11-year follow-up), anxiety measured by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule was not associated with incident diabetes mellitus (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.53-1.89).

    “US adults (n=1920; 11 year follow-up) | Anxiety using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule | § OR 1.00 (95% CI 0.53-1.89).”

    From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as Edwards (2012) 126

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 28

  1. [1]Anxiety Disorders Association of America Facts & statistics http://www.adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics. Published 2010. January 3, 2012
  2. [2]Allgulander C Generalized anxiety disorder: What are we missing? Eur Neuropsychopharm 2006 16 S101 S108 16730165
  3. [3]Khan Khuwaja A Lalani S Dhanani R Azam IS Rafique G White F Anxiety and depression among outpatients with type 2 diabetes: A multi-centre study of prevalence and associated factors. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010 2 72 PMC3022608 21171976
  4. [5]Mahler R Adler M Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Update on diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999 84 4 1165 1171 10199747
  5. [6]American Diabetes Association Standards of medical care in diabetes-2011. Diabetes Care 2011 34 1 S11 S61 21193625 PMC3006050
  6. [7]Hall P Rodin G Vallis T Perkins BA The consequences of anxious temperament for disease detection, self-management behavior, and quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Psychosom Res 2009 67 297 305 19773022
  7. [8]Fisher L Skaff M Mullan J Arean P Glasgow R Masharani U A longitudinal study of affective and anxiety disorders, depressive affect and diabetes distress in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2008 25 1096 1101 19183314 PMC2635496
  8. [9]Golden SH Williams JE Ford DE Paton Sanford C Nieto FJ Brancati FL Depressive symptoms and the risk of type 2 diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetes Care 2004 27 429 435 14747224
  9. [12]Stanley M Anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review 2000 20 6 731 754 10983266
  10. [14]Cohen B Panguluri P Na B Whooley MA Psychological risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in patients with coronary heart disease: Findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Psychiatry Res 2010 175 133 137 19969373 PMC2867840
  11. [15]Chiodini I Adda G Scillitani A Cortisol secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes: Relationship with chronic complications. Diabetes Care 2007 30 1 83 88 17192338
  12. [16]Merswolken M Deter HC Siebenhuener S Orth-Gomer K Weber CS Anxiety as predictor of the cortisol awakening response in patients with coronary heart disease. Int J Behav Med 2012 [epub ahead of print] 22476865
  13. [17]Lin E Von Korff M Mental disorders among persons with diabetes: Results from the World Mental Health Surveys. J Psychosom Res 2008 65 571 580 19027447 PMC3672403
  14. [18]Strine T Mokdad A Balluz L Depression and anxiety in the United States: Findings from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Psychiatr Serv 2008 59 12 1383 1390 19033164
  15. [19]Skilton MR Moulin P Terra JL Bonnet F Associations between anxiety, depression, and the metabolic syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 2007 62 1251 1257 17553465
  16. [21]Mosaku K Kolawole B Mume C Ikem R Depression, anxiety and quality of life among diabetic patients: A comparative study. J Natl Med Assoc 2008 100 1 73 78 18277812
  17. [23]Hildrum B Mykletun A Midthjell K Ismail K Dahl AA No association of depression and anxiety with the metabolic syndrome: The Norwegian HUNT study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009 120 14 22 19120047
  18. [24]Zihl J Schaaf L Zillmer E The relationship between adult neuropsychological profiles and diabetic patients’ glycemic control. Appl Neuropsychol 2010 17 44 51 20146121
  19. [26]Huang C Chiu H Lee M Wang SY Prevalence and incidence of anxiety disorders in diabetic patients: A national population-based cohort study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2011 33 8 15 21353122
  20. [28]Robins LN Helzer JE Croughan J Ratcliff KS National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics, and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981 38 381 389 6260053
  21. [30]Yaggi HK Araujo AB McKinlay JB Sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006 29 3 657 661 16505522
  22. [33]Bouwman V Adriaanse MC van't Riet E Snoek FJ Dekker JM Nijpels G Depression, anxiety and glucose metabolism in the general Dutch population: The New Hoorn Study. PLoS ONE 2010 5 4 e9971 20376307 PMC2848610
  23. [34]Steudte S Stalder T Dettenborn L Decreased hair cortisol concentrations in generalised anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research 2011 186 310 314 20889215
  24. [35]Krystal JH D'Souza DC Sanacora G Goddard AW Charney DS Current perspectives on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety disorders. Med Clin North Am 2001 85 3 559 577 11349473
  25. [36]Arborelius L Owens MJ Plotsky PM Nemeroff CB The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. J Endocrinol 1999 160 1 1 12 9854171
  26. [37]Okura Y Urban LH Mahoney DW Jacobsen SJ Rodeheffer RJ Agreement between self-report questionnaires and medical record data was substantial for diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke but not for heart failure. J Clin Epidemiol 2004 57 10 1096 1103 15528061
  27. [39]Buselli EF Stuart EM Influence of psychosocial factors and biopsychosocial interventions on outcomes after myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Nurs 1999 13 3 60 72 10098006
  28. [40]Hoffman DL Dukes EM Wittchen HU Human and economic burden of generalized anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety 2008 25 72 90 17146763

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Edwards, L. E., & Mezuk, B.
Affiliations
Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
Corresponding author
Mezuk, Briana
ORCID
Mezuk, Briana
Venue
Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2012-12
Volume
73
Issue
6
Pages
418-423
ISSN
0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.09.018
PMC
PMC3499773
OpenAlex
W2043092542
Cited by
52
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2
FWCI
3.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01-DA026652, K01-MH093642)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
anxiety disorders, type 2 diabetes, diabetes risk, diabetes complications, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, depression, health behavior
MeSH terms
Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Baltimore, Health Behavior, Logistic Models, Diabetes Complications

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review