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Social norms and energy conservation
Abstract
This paper evaluates a series of programs run by a company called OPOWER to send Home Energy Report letters to residential utility customers comparing their electricity use to that of their neighbors. Using data from randomized natural field experiments at 600,000 treatment and control households across the United States, I estimate that the average program reduces energy consumption by 2.0%. The program provides additional evidence that non-price interventions can substantially and cost effectively change consumer behavior: the effect is equivalent to that of a short-run electricity price increase of 11 to 20%, and the cost effectiveness compares favorably to that of traditional energy conservation programs. Perhaps because the treatment included descriptive social norms, effects are heterogeneous: households in the highest decile of pre-treatment consumption decrease usage by 6.3%, while consumption by the lowest decile decreases by only 0.3%. A regression discontinuity design shows that different categories of “injunctive norms” played an insignificant role in encouraging relatively low users not to increase usage.
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“A large meta-analysis found that significant residential energy savings can be achieved [215], by targeting the right interventions to the right households [14,16,17].”
From Tackling climate change with machine learning (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
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Climate Change Social Norms and Corporate Cash Holdings
Zhang, L., Kanagaretnam, K., & Gao, J. (2023) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-023-05440-x · Cited by 39
“Prior literature documents various effects of climate change social norms (CCSN, hereafter) at both individual and macro levels (e.g., Allcott, 2011; Cialdini & Jacobson, 2021; Mase et al., 2017).”
Bennear, L. S., Lee, J. M., & Taylor, L. O. (2013) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.21692 · Cited by 38
Silva, A. S., & John, P. C. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177354 · Cited by 38
“Interventions based on average behaviours that inform people that they behave better than average can also result in a worsening of behaviour, as exemplified by energy conservation studies in which those with low levels of energy consumption increase their consumption after being informed that their average consumptio…”
BackgroundBusic-Sontic, A., & Fuerst, F. (2017) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.11.009 · Cited by 40
“In contrast to the study of Allcott [14], no significant change in energy usage is found if the feedback reports include normative comparison (e.g. with neighbours, national or regional average).”
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Dur, R. A. J., Fleming, D., van Garderen, M., & van Lent, M. (2021) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104443 · Cited by 45
Zaidan, E., Ghofrani, A., Abulibdeh, A. O., & Jafari, M. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2022.852092 · Cited by 40
A behavioral perspective on the governance of common resources
Janssen, M. A. (2014) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2014.08.002 · Cited by 38
“An exemplar application is the use of social feedback on energy bills [48, 49, 50].”
BackgroundSocial- and self-image concerns in fair-trade consumption
Teyssier, S., Étilé, F., & Combris, P. (2014) · European Review of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/erae/jbu036 · Cited by 41
Assessing the Energy-Efficiency GapPreprint
Gerarden, T., Newell, R. G., & Stavins, R. N. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2599532 · Cited by 40
Behavioral economics and aging
McConnell, M. A. (2013) · The Journal of the Economics of Ageing · doi:10.1016/j.jeoa.2013.09.001 · Cited by 42
Nudging Technology Use: Descriptive and Experimental Evidence from School Information Systems
Bergman, P. (2019) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00291 · Cited by 44
“…papers find that social norms can “nudge” the adoption of new behaviors in a variety of contexts (Cialdini et al. 2006; Goldstein, Griskevicius, and Cialdini 2007; Gerber and Rogers 2009; Allcott 2011; Allcott and Rogers 2014; Bhargava and Manoli 2015; Bird et al. 2017; Hallsworth et al. 2017).”
BackgroundVeselý, Š., Klöckner, C. A., Carrus, G., Tiberio, L., Caffaro, F., Biresselioğlu, M. E., Kollmann, A., & Sinea, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.967318 · Cited by 37
Digital sobriety: From awareness of the negative impacts of IT usages to degrowth technology at work
Perea, C., Gérard, J., & Benedittis, J. D. (2023) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122670 · Cited by 37
An empirically grounded model for simulating normative energy use feedback interventions
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Reducing the Consumer Attitude–Behaviour Gap in Animal Welfare: The Potential Role of ‘Nudges’
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“This has been particularly problematic in energy consumption interventions, where citizens with below average consumption increased to that of the average, causing a worsening in their energy consumption behaviour [114,115].”
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Kühfuss, L., Préget, R., Thoyer, S., de Vries, F. P., & Hanley, N. D. (2021) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107271 · Cited by 36
Personality traits and energy conservation
Shen, M., Cui, Q., & Fu, L. (2015) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2015.05.025 · Cited by 38
Understanding Peer Effects in Financial Decisions: Evidence from a Field Experiment
Bursztyn, L., Ederer, F. P., Ferman, B., & Yuchtman, N. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18241 · Cited by 36
Impact of CSR disclosure on profitability and firm performance of Malaysian halal food companies
Ahmad, Z., Hidthiir, M. H. B., & Rahman, M. M. (2024) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-024-00189-3 · Cited by 37
“The same authors also address broader environmental impacts and water management within the CSR framework [59].”
Predictors and consequences of pro-environmental behavior at work
Composto, J. W., Constantino, S. M., & Weber, E. U. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100107 · Cited by 42
Bauwens, T. (2017) · Green energy and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33753-1_6 · Cited by 47
“…reputation, personal pride, vengeance, etc. Norms have proven to be powerful and cost-efficient mechanisms to encourage energy conservation (Allcott 2011; Nolan et al. 2008).11 Gadenne et al. (2011) showed that environmental concern, combined with social norms and community influence, can…”
BackgroundGeislar, S. (2017) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.010 · Cited by 36
Bonan, J., Cattaneo, C., D’Adda, G., & Tavoni, M. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102467 · Cited by 35
“…in the context of household energy conservation.2 The social information program that we study is a large scale randomized intervention, providing customers of a European utility with information on how their energy use compares to that of their neighbors (Allcott, 2011; Allcott and Rogers, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSocial norms and prevention behaviors in the United States early in the COVID-19 pandemic
Latkin, C. A., Dayton, L., Kaufman, M. R., Schneider, K. E., Strickland, J. C., & Konstantopoulos, A. D. (2021) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.2004315 · Cited by 37
“This approach has been successfully used for reducing electricity consumption (Allcott, 2011).”
MethodNudging low-carbon consumption through advertising and social norms
Santa, J. C., Drews, S., & van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2022.101956 · Cited by 41
Aravind, A., Mishra, S., & Meservy, M. (2024) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2024.104130 · Cited by 36
Khashe, S., Heydarian, A., Becerik-Gerber, B., & Wood, W. (2016) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.03.019 · Cited by 36
Fuzzy model of residential energy decision-making considering behavioral economic concepts
Spandagos, C., & Ng, T. L. (2017) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.112 · Cited by 35
“the US [136,139] and Canada [144] targeting peer pressure as a potential tool for promoting energy saving behavior.”
BackgroundEvaluating the efficacy of an information-based residential outdoor water conservation program
Landon, A. C., Woodward, R. T., Kyle, G. T., & Kaiser, R. A. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.196 · Cited by 35
Infrastructures and society: from a literature review to a conceptual framework
Josa, I., & Aguado, A. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117741 · Cited by 37
How much can we learn about voluntary climate action from behavior in public goods games?
Goeschl, T., Kettner, S. E., Lohse, J., & Schwieren, C. (2020) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106591 · Cited by 49
Experimenting with sustainable business models in fast moving consumer goods
Bashir, H., Jørgensen, S., Pedersen, L. J. T., & Skard, S. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122302 · Cited by 41
“Finally, several studies have shed light on factors such as normative influences, message framing, and information feedbacks that influence green purchasing behaviour (e.g., Allcott, 2011; Døskeland and Pedersen, 2015).”
BackgroundFrom whom do we learn group norms? Low-ranking group members are perceived as the best sources
Dannals, J. E., Reit, E. S., & Miller, D. T. (2020) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.08.002 · Cited by 36
Martin, S., & Rivers, N. J. (2017) · Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists · doi:10.1086/694036 · Cited by 33
“The use of IHDs to provide feedback on electricity consumption fits in the broader trend by utility regulators to influence behavior using nonmarket instruments such as “nudges,” norm-based policies (Ferraro and Price 2013), and social comparisons (Allcott 2011b).”
An experimental study on motivational change for electricity conservation by normative messages
Komatsu, H., & Nishio, K. (2015) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.029 · Cited by 35
Gerbasi, M. E., Richards, L. K., Thomas, J. J., Agnew‐Blais, J. C., Thompson‐Brenner, H., Gilman, S. E., & Becker, A. E. (2014) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22349 · Cited by 35
A Light Bulb Goes On: Norms, Rhetoric, and Actions for the Public Good
Bolsen, T. (2011) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-011-9186-5 · Cited by 35
“Education (N = 137) Less than high school 4 High school 18 Some college 44 4 year degree 12 Advanced degree 22 Age (N = 196) 18–24 years old 37 25–34 years old 11 35–50 years old 12 51–65 years old 20 Over 65 20 Ethnicity (N = 196) White 77 African American 5 Asian American 15 Hispanic 3 Sex (N =…”
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From Social Information to Social Norms: Evidence from Two Experiments on Donation Behaviour
Goeschl, T., Kettner, S. E., Lohse, J., & Schwieren, C. (2018) · Games · doi:10.3390/g9040091 · Cited by 35
“1 The effects of social information on behaviour are not confined to the domain of generosity, with comparable relationships documented in many other areas such as energy conservation [11], political participation [12], honesty [13], retirement saving [14] and high stakes career choices [15].”
BackgroundDoss, C., Fahle, E. M., Loeb, S., & York, B. N. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w24450 · Cited by 35
Crowdsourcing Peer Information to Change Spending BehaviorPreprint
D’Acunto, F., Rossi, A. G. P., & Weber, M. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3339335 · Cited by 33
Reducing nonpayment for public utilities: Experimental evidence from South Africa
Szabó, A., & Ujhelyi, G. (2015) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.06.002 · Cited by 33
“Our information campaign focused on four key areas of the water consumption process: (1) Understanding the meter; (2) Understanding the bill; (3) Understanding water quantities used in everyday activities and how to save water; (4) Detecting and fixing leaks.”
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Using social norms in smart meters: the norm distance effect
Bergquist, M., & Nilsson, A. (2018) · Energy Efficiency · doi:10.1007/s12053-018-9709-6 · Cited by 33
“For example, by providing feedback (Karlin et al. 2015) or by using social influence approaches (Abrahamse and Steg 2013), one particularly successful social influence technique is normative feedback (e.g., Allcott 2011; Schultz et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodThe future of behavioral insights: on the importance of socially situated nudges
van der Linden, S. (2018) · Behavioural Public Policy · doi:10.1017/bpp.2018.22 · Cited by 34
“The company OPOWER supplied millions of customers with tailored energy bills revealing social information about the consumption of their neighbors (Schultz et al., 2007; Allcott, 2011).”
BackgroundMultilevel networks for climate change adaptation – what works?
Hauge, Å. L., Hanssen, G. S., & Flyen, C. (2018) · International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management · doi:10.1108/ijccsm-10-2017-0194 · Cited by 39
Sallis, A., Harper, H., & Sanders, M. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2855-5 · Cited by 36
“Normative beliefs have been found to be important for increasing positive attitudes towards organ donation [3] and social norms have proven to be persuasive in changing behaviour in many areas, such as energy efficiency [8, 9], littering [1], charitable giving [11] and tax compliance [12].”
BackgroundAn Agent-Based Model to Simulate Meat Consumption Behaviour of Consumers in Britain
Scalco, A., Macdiarmid, J. I., Craig, T. P., et al. (2019) · Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation · doi:10.18564/jasss.4134 · Cited by 34
“…constant, and t reports the current month in the simulation. d was based on the literature about the persistence of the e ects of social marketing campaigns, specifically on norm-based messages (Allcott 2011; Allcott & Rogers 2012; Ferraro et al. 2011; Nolan et al. 2008; Robinson et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMurakami, K., Shimada, H., Ushifusa, Y., & Ida, T. (2022) · International Economic Review · doi:10.1111/iere.12589 · Cited by 33
“More recent versions of the HER did not use any injunctive norm; hence, boomerang effects were observed (Knittel and Stolper, 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEarnhart, D. H., & Ferraro, P. J. (2020) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-020-00522-0 · Cited by 33
“…magnitudes of these mechanism effects are debated (Ferraro and Miranda 2013), peer comparisons are reported to affect individual (consumer) decision-making in a wide range of contexts, including environmental contexts such as energy use, water use, and recycling (e.g., Allcott 2011; Ferraro et al.”
BackgroundBroberg, T., & Kažukauskas, A. (2015) · International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1561/101.00000070 · Cited by 35
Rockstuhl, S., Wenninger, S., Wiethe, C., et al. (2021) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112616 · Cited by 34
When the Cupboards Are Bare: Nudging Food Pantry Clients to Healthier Foods
Wilson, N. L. W. (2016) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/684476 · Cited by 39
Vine, E., & Jones, C. M. (2016) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2016.06.013 · Cited by 36
Setiawan, R. P., Kaneko, S., & Kawata, K. (2019) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.015 · Cited by 34
Misperceived Social Norms and Willingness to Act Against Climate ChangePreprint
Andre, P., Boneva, T., Chopra, F., et al. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4740469 · Cited by 34
“…and researchers alike have turned to examining the importance of social norms, which represent behavioral rules that express which behavior is considered common and normatively acceptable (e.g., Allcott, 2011; Nyborg et al., 2016; Fehr and Schurtenberger, 2018; Constantino et al., 2022).”
BackgroundButton, M. E. (2018) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592718002086 · Cited by 33
“18 Allcott 2011.”
Nudge politics: efficacy and ethics
Raihani, N. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00972 · Cited by 33
“These messages on the energy bill, together with suggestions of how to reduce energy use, have been shown to reduce energy consumption by around 2% (Allcott, 2011).”
BackgroundFeedback and Behavioral Intervention in Residential Energy and Resource Use: a Review
Bird, S., & Legault, L. (2018) · Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports · doi:10.1007/s40518-018-0106-8 · Cited by 31
Kowalska-Pyzalska, A., & Byrka, K. (2019) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en12050907 · Cited by 33
Prabhakaran, S., Sharma, S. K., Verma, A., et al. (2022) · Polymer Composites · doi:10.1002/pc.26723 · Cited by 33
Norm nudging and twisting preferences
Bicchieri, C. (2023) · Behavioural Public Policy · doi:10.1017/bpp.2023.5 · Cited by 33
Jessoe, K., Rapson, D. S., & Smith, J. B. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.03.009 · Cited by 36
“For example, households who are informed that their usage is abnormally high tend to engage in behavior that brings them closer to the norm (Allcott (2011)).”
BackgroundInfluentialA qualitative study on electricity energy-saving behaviour
Sony, M., & Mekoth, N. (2018) · Management of Environmental Quality An International Journal · doi:10.1108/meq-02-2018-0031 · Cited by 33
Exploring the diffusion of low-energy houses: An empirical study in the European Union
Olsthoorn, M., Schleich, J., & Faure, C. (2019) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.03.043 · Cited by 32
“First, behavior of peers may act as a source of information, signaling what is acceptable or normal behavior (Sherif, 1936; Allcott, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialCulture as Context: A Five-Country Study of Discretionary Green Workplace Behavior
Jiang, Y., Jackson, S. E., Shim, H., Budhwar, P. S., Renwick, D., Jabbour, C. J. C., Jabbour, A. B. L. D. S., Tang, G., Müller‐Camen, M., Wagner, M., et al. (2022) · Organization & Environment · doi:10.1177/10860266221104039 · Cited by 37
“Such information has proved effective in decreasing the energy used by those who learn they use more power than their neighbors (Slemrod & Allcott, 2011).”
BackgroundHomar, A. R., & Cvelbar, L. K. (2023) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875231179400 · Cited by 37
“Environmental messages that include a social comparison nudge rest on the assumption that people conform to social norms (Allcott, 2011).”
BackgroundAn experimental test of the effect of negative social norms on energy-efficient investments
Yeomans, M., & Herberich, D. H. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.09.010 · Cited by 36
An experiment on the vote-buy gap with application to cage-free eggs
Paul, A. S., Lusk, J. L., Norwood, F. B., & Tonsor, G. T. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2019.02.005 · Cited by 32
Environmental solutions sparked by environmental history
McAfee, D., Alleway, H. K., & Connell, S. D. (2019) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13403 · Cited by 31
“The potential efficacy of normalizing environmental solutions is demonstrated by public engagement with sustainable food usage (Nomura et al. 2011), recycling (Thomas & Sharp 2013), and energy consumption (Allcott 2011).”
BackgroundRay, G. L., & Pinson, P. (2020) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111258 · Cited by 33
Reluctant donors and their reactions to social information
Klinowski, D. (2020) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-020-09670-y · Cited by 31
“2014, 2017), and a large literature on the effect of social information on prosocial behavior, including on energy consumption (Allcott 2011), tax compliance (Hallsworth et al.”
BackgroundRed, yellow, or green? Do consumers’ choices of food products depend on the label design?
Carlsson, F., Kataria, M., Lampi, E., Nyberg, E., & Sterner, T. (2021) · European Review of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/erae/jbab036 · Cited by 33
Mukai, T., Nishio, K., Komatsu, H., & Sasaki, M. (2021) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102430 · Cited by 35
Liu, C., & Chong, H. T. (2023) · Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism · doi:10.1016/j.jort.2023.100612 · Cited by 32
Customized Nudging to Improve FAFSA Completion and Income VerificationPreprint
Page, L. C., Castleman, B., & Meyer, K. E. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2854345 · Cited by 31
Stieglitz, S., Mirbabaie, M., Deubel, A., Braun, L.-M., & Kißmer, T. (2023) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102665 · Cited by 53
Individual Carbon Footprint Reduction: Evidence from Pro-environmental Users of a Carbon Calculator
Enlund, J., Andersson, D., & Carlsson, F. (2023) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-023-00800-7 · Cited by 38
“In Allcott (2011), the average effect size on electricity use is 2%.”
BackgroundInfluentialBolsen, T., Druckman, J. N., & Cook, F. L. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2014.2 · Cited by 32
“Our results are consistent with evidence from field experiments that find exposure to different types of communications can significantly affect household electricity usage (Allcott 2011; Ayres et al., 2009).”
One size does not fit all: Establishing the need for targeted eco-feedback
Khosrowpour, A., Xie, Y., Taylor, J. E., et al. (2016) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.10.036 · Cited by 31
The influence of nudges on compliance behaviour in recreational fisheries: a laboratory experiment
Mackay, M., Yamazaki, S., Jennings, S., Sibly, H., van Putten, I. E., & Emery, T. J. (2019) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsz020 · Cited by 31
Nudging cooperation in public goods provision
Barron, K., & Nurminen, T. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2020.101542 · Cited by 30
“This paper also relates closely to recent field work that has tried to leverage beliefs about social norms by nudging individuals towards pro-social behavior, such as electricity usage (Allcott, 2011; Allcott and Rogers, 2014) or water conservation (Ferraro and Price, 2013; Bhanot, 2018).”
BackgroundNudging and corporate environmental responsibility: A natural field experiment
Becchetti, L., Salustri, F., & Scaramozzino, P. (2020) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101951 · Cited by 31
“More generally, and similarly to the method of our experiment, other contributions have shown that a reference to social norms has strong effects on pro-social behavior (Brekke et al., 2003; Griskevicius et al., 2008; Goldstein et al., 2008; Goldstein and Cialdini, 2009; Allcott, 2011).”
ResultConsumers’ Intention and Cognition for Low-Carbon Behavior: A Case Study of Hangzhou in China
Yang, Y., Guo, Y., & Luo, S. (2020) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en13215830 · Cited by 31
“Environmental policies and social and cultural customs issued by the government will have a positive impact on low-carbon consumption behavior [33].”
BackgroundWang, B., Yang, Z., Pham, T. L. H., Deng, N., & Du, H. (2023) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121031 · Cited by 32
Policy Instruments to Foster Energy Efficiency
Markandya, A., Labandeira, X., & Ramos, A. (2014) · Green energy and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03632-8_4 · Cited by 33
“…are several field experiments that estimate changes in energy consumption due to the introduction of smart meters (Jessoe and Rapson, 2013; Gans et al., 2013; Thorsnes et al., 2012; Doostizadeh and Ghasemi, 2012) or billing information (Schultz et al., 2007; Nolan et al., 2008; Allcott, 2011).”
BackgroundGreen consumption and peer effects: Does it work for seafood products?
Lucas, S., Salladarré, F., & Brécard, D. (2018) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.02.017 · Cited by 31
Bursztyn, L., & Yang, D. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w29168 · Cited by 30
Does Better Information Lead to Better Choices? Evidence from Energy-Efficiency Labels
Davis, L. W., & Metcalf, G. E. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20720 · Cited by 31
The Effects of Norms on Environmental Behavior
Dannenberg, A., Gutsche, G., Batzke, M. C. L., Christens, S., Engler, D., Mankat, F., Möller, S., Weingärtner, E., Ernst, A., Lumkowsky, M., et al. (2024) · Review of Environmental Economics and Policy · doi:10.1086/727588 · Cited by 31
“In the fi eld experimental settings, subjects receive information on other people ’ s energy conservation (Schultz et al. 2007; Allcott 2011), residential water usage (Ferraro, Miranda, and Price 2011; Tiefenbeck et al. 2013), towel reuse (Goldstein, Cialdini, and Griskevicius 2008; Reese, Loew, and…”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Allcott, H.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Allcott, Hunt
- Venue
- Journal of Public Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 9-10
- Pages
- 1082-1095
- ISSN
- 0047-2727 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2139035425
- Cited by
- 2,802
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 225 · 2025: 209 · 2024: 194 · 2023: 208 · 2022: 226 · 2021: 257 · 2020: 225 · 2019: 240 · 2018: 199 · 2017: 171 · 2016: 165 · 2015: 161 · 2014: 147 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 263.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Public Economics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Pro-Environmental Behavior and Attitudes
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Keywords
- social norms, energy conservation, social comparison, residential electricity consumption, cost-effectiveness, injunctive norms, descriptive norms, treatment effect heterogeneity
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