Substance use recovery outcomes among a cohort of youth participating in a mobile-based texting aftercare pilot program

The quote only partly states this claim.

Among intervention participants, those who relapsed were younger on average than those who did not relapse at month 1, month 2, discharge, and 90-day follow-up.

“The average age of relapse during the intervention at month 1 was 18.5 ± 3.0 and at month 2 was 18.1 ± 2.7, compared to those who did not relapse, whom were older: 21.0 ± 3.3 and 21.4 ±3.3, respectively.”

• Also stated in: § 3.2. Differences in Primary Drug Use Relapse Outcomes by Condition · hedged

  “Specifically, youth who relapsed tended to be younger than those who did not relapse at discharge (19.3 years ± 3.3 vs. 21.7 ± 3.2) and 90-day follow-up (19.4 ± 3.2 vs. 21.6 ± 3.1).”

May combine two claims.

Intervention participants showed reductions in substance use severity from baseline to 90-day follow-up, while control participants increased in severity.

“Figure 1 shows changes in substance use severity by condition over time, showing that the intervention participants had significant reductions in substance use severity from baseline to 90-day follow-up, whereas the control participants continued to increase in severity”

May combine two claims.

In the pilot, controlling for age and gender, there was a significant treatment effect by time on substance use severity (β = −0.46, p = .03), with intervention participants showing a decreased rate of change compared with controls.

“however a significant treatment effect by time (β = −0.46, p = .03). Specifically, participants in the mobile texting intervention had a significant decreased rate of change in substance use severity (as lower scores indicate less substance-related problems present within the past month) across time compared to participants in the aftercare as usual control.”

May combine two claims.

Intervention participants had significantly higher participation in recovery activities than control participants at discharge and at 90-day follow-up.

“however intervention participants were significantly more likely to have higher participation in recovery activities (M = 18.0 days ± 9.3) compared to the standard aftercare control participants (M = 10.1 days ± 9.3) at discharge as well as at the 90 day follow-up (Mint = 14.5 days ± 10.1 versus Mcont = 12.1 days ± 12.3, respectively).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Among youth, substance use problems increase with age; past-30-day illicit drug use and binge drinking are higher among 18-25 year olds (26% and 32%) than among 12-17 year olds (12% and 10%).

“Specifically, current illicit drug use and binge drinking (in the past 30 days) among youth increased from 12% and 10% among 12 to 17 year olds to 26% and 32% among 18 to 25 year olds (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2012).”

• cites Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

A majority of youth return to substance abuse treatment, often more than once.

“Research shows that a majority will return to treatment, often more than once (Cornelius, Maisto, Pollock, Martin, Salloum, Lynch, & Clark, 2003; Godley, Godley, Dennis, Funk & Passetti, 2002; Winters, Botzet, & Fahnhorst, 2011).”

• cites Cornelius, Maisto, Pollock, Martin, Salloum, Lynch, & Clark, 2003Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Godley, Godley, Dennis, Funk & Passetti, 2002Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Winters, Botzet, & Fahnhorst, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A growing majority of adults in substance abuse treatment are early-onset users who began use during adolescence or young adulthood.

“A growing majority of adults currently in treatment for substance abuse are early-onset users, those who initiated first-time use within the adolescent or young adult time period (Dennis & Kaminer, 2006).”

• cites Dennis & Kaminer, 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Mobile texting might feasibly engage youth in recovery following substance abuse treatment, helping lower relapse and encourage lifestyle change.

“Collectively, findings from this pilot aftercare study suggest that mobile texting could provide a feasible way to engage youth in recovery after substance abuse treatment to aid with reducing relapse and promoting lifestyle behavior change.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Relapse patterns commonly lead to a cyclic substance use-treatment trajectory among adult users.

“It is these relapse patterns that commonly lead to the development of the cyclic substance use-treatment trajectory commonly found among adults users (Anglin, Hser, & Grella, 1997).”

• cites Anglin, Hser, & Grella, 1997Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Although most substance abuse behavioral treatments produce immediate measurable changes in post-treatment substance use, relapse in the first year after treatment remains a major concern for youth.

“Although most substance abuse behavioral treatments show promise in producing immediate measureable changes in post-treatment substance use, relapse in the initial year post-treatment remains a major concern for youth populations (Williams & Chang, 2000; Godley, Godley, & Dennis, 2001).”

• cites Williams & Chang, 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Godley, Godley, & Dennis, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Past-year illicit drug dependence and abuse prevalence is higher among 18-24 year olds (20%) than among 12-17 year olds (7.3%).

“Past year illicit drug dependence and abuse was estimated at 7.3% for 12–17 year olds, rising to 20% among 18 to 24 year olds (SAMHSA, 2012).”

• cites SAMHSA, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Substance use behaviors are linked to problematic health, interpersonal, and social outcomes.

“These statistics are troubling since research links substance use behaviors to problematic health, interpersonal, and social (i.e., school, work, legal) outcomes (CDC, MMWR, 2012).”

• cites CDC, MMWR, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Post-treatment aftercare has been recommended as necessary to sustain treatment gains in adults and adolescents with substance use disorders.

“Post treatment aftercare, also referred to as continuing care, has been recommended as an essential factor for maintaining treatment gains after treatment for both adults and adolescents with substance use disorders (Godley et al., 2006, McKay, 1999).”

• cites Godley et al., 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites McKay, 1999Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A majority of youth (51%) agree that being high feels good, according to national epidemiological survey data.

“as reflected by national epidemiological survey studies which show a majority of youth (51%) “agree that being high feels good” (Partnership Attitude Tracking Study, 2009).”

• cites Partnership Attitude Tracking Study, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The fidelity of the aftercare-as-usual control condition was neither standardized nor monitored.

“No attempt was made to standardize or monitor the fidelity of the aftercare as usual standard condition, as it was the intent of the project to compare the mobile texting aftercare approach to the aftercare routinely delivered by treatment programs in the field.”

May combine two claims.

American adolescents (13-17) send or receive 3,339 texts a month and young adults (18-24) send or receive 1,630 texts a month.

“Moreover, American youth have been identified as perpetual texters, with adolescents (aged 13 – 17) sending or receiving 3,339 texts a month (six text per waking hour) and young adults (aged 18 – 24) sending or receiving 1,630 (three texts per waking hour) (Fox & Duggan, 2012).”

• cites Fox & Duggan, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Participants were randomly assigned to mobile texting intervention or aftercare as usual using a random generator number method.

“After completion of assessments, participants met with the RA for an overview of Project ESQYIR and their study assignment that was obtained using a random generator number method to one of two study conditions”

• Also stated in: § 2.2. Procedures · plain

  “Participants were randomly assigned via research randomizer”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Text-messaging mobile approaches have gained wide acceptance as promising behavior-change interventions for youth, especially in healthcare.

“Increasingly, mobile methods, using text-messaging models, have been widely embraced as promising behavior change interventions for youth populations (Patrick, Griswold, Raab, & Intille, 2008), especially within the healthcare arena of disease management (Cole-Lewis & Kershaw, 2010)”

• cites Patrick, Griswold, Raab, & Intille, 2008 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Cole-Lewis & Kershaw, 2010 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Few studies have examined post-treatment aftercare programs for youth, and such efforts are often restricted to traditional adult-modeled 12-step approaches.

“To date, however, there is little research on post-treatment aftercare programs for youth (White & Godley, 2007), with efforts often limited to traditional adult-modeled social support 12-step approaches (Kelly, Myers, & Brown, 2005).”

• cites White & Godley, 2007Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Kelly, Myers, & Brown, 2005Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A youth smoking-cessation program delivered by text messaging improved quit rates at 6 weeks.

“For instance, a text messaging behavioral intervention designed for smoking cessation among youth demonstrated improved quit rates at 6 weeks (Rodgers et al., 2005).”

• cites Rodgers et al., 2005 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The texting intervention served as a buffer against the tendency for youth to continue to relapse and not engage in recovery support activities in the initial three months after treatment.

“Findings suggest that the texting intervention served as a buffer towards the tendency for youth to continue to relapse (Kaminer & Godley, 2010) and not engage in recovery support activities (Kelley et al., 2005) in the initial three months after treatment.”

• cites Kaminer & Godley, 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Kelley et al., 2005Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For teens aged 12-17, the typical daily number of texts increased from 50 in 2009 to 60 in 2011.

“Data reveal that the median number of texts sent on a typical day by teens 12 – 17 rose from 50 in 2009 to 60 in 2011 (Pew Research Center, 2012).”

• cites Pew Research Center, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Compared with standard aftercare, the mobile texting aftercare pilot program demonstrated promise for reducing relapse risk and promoting recovery behavior engagement among substance-abusing youth after treatment.

“Compared to a standard aftercare control condition, this mobile texting aftercare pilot program demonstrated promise for reducing relapse risk and promoting recovery behavior engagement among substance-abusing youth after treatment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To address multiple comparisons, Bonferroni corrections were applied to p-values to limit Type I error inflation.

“In the analyses, we examined several outcomes, and to account for multiple comparison testing, Bonferroni adjustments were made to the p-values to control for Type I error inflation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A recent report indicated that participating in standard 12-step programs after substance abuse treatment can yield better outcomes than not participating.

“A recent report on the effectiveness of standard 12-step participation after substance abuse treatment demonstrated that such an approach can lead to positive outcomes compared to not participating (Davis et al., 2002).”

• cites Davis et al., 2002Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mobile texting is the most common form of mobile communication among youth, and cellphone ownership among youth has increased exponentially over the last five years.

“Mobile texting in particular has been designated as the most common form of mobile communication among youth, as ownership of cellphones among this segment of the population has increased exponentially over the last five years (Banks, 2008).”

• cites Banks, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Self-report data on substance use problem severity and recovery behaviors may have inherent over- or under-reporting biases.

“Additionally, because some of the data are based on self-report (i.e., substance use problem severity and recovery behaviors), there may be some inherent biases with over- or under-reporting information associated with participant responses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The current study's findings can be useful for substance abuse practitioners by offering a novel texting aftercare model for engaging youth in recovery and motivating recovery behaviors.

“Findings from the current study can be useful for substance abuse practitioners who work with youth as it offers a novel aftercare model (i.e., texting) for engaging youth in recovery post-treatment and motivating them to engage in recovery behaviors, i.e., continue to make life changes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Project ESQYIR is a promising aftercare intervention, but given its pilot nature, continued research on its components is warranted, especially among younger youth who continued to have relapse issues.

“Overall, Project ESQYIR can be described as a promising aftercare intervention; however given the pilot nature of the project, continued research on the utility and satisfaction with the differential components of the intervention are warranted, especially among younger aged youth who continued to have issues with relapse.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mental health status and criminal justice system issues are commonly reported among substance-abusing youth.

“which are commonly reported among substance abusing-youth (Hser, Grella, Hubbard, Hsieh, Fletcher, Brown, & Anglin, 2001).”

• cites Hser, Grella, Hubbard, Hsieh, Fletcher, Brown, & Anglin, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Qualitative findings with youth in treatment found very few endorsing total abstinence recovery mottos, and instead embracing substance use as a lifestyle behavior and a matter of personal control or choice.

“This was supported by qualitative findings with youth in treatment which found very few youth endorsing total abstinence recovery mottos, and instead embracing substance use to be more of a life-style behavior and a matter of personal control/choice (Gonzales et al., 2012)”

• cites Gonzales et al., 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Mobile-based aftercare approaches require minimal time commitments and effort from providers because most service information can be automated.

“Lastly, such mobile-based aftercare approaches require minimal time commitments and effort from providers as the majority of service-information can be automated.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Mobile texting recovery programs offer advantages over traditional approaches, including personalization, convenience, enhanced assessment and monitoring, flexibility, and low financial cost.

“Implementing a mobile texting recovery program offers several advantages over traditional-based approaches currently in place, including (1) personalization and targeted engagement, (2) increased convenience; (3) enhanced assessment and monitoring; (4) greater flexibility of service delivery in terms of frequency and timing; and (5) requiring minimal financial resources to maintain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A disease management framework for chronic illnesses promotes self-regulation via self-monitoring as a critical component for achieving and sustaining behavior change.

“This theoretical model supports a disease management framework commonly used in health care with chronic illnesses which promote self-regulation via self-monitoring as a critical component for achieving and sustaining behavior change (Wagner, 2001).”

• cites Wagner, 2001 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Information technology has substantially broadened the scope of health-related service delivery.

“Even within the last year, information technology has broadened the scope of health-related service delivery substantially (Goldzweig, Towfigh, Maglione, & Shekelle, 2009).”

• cites Goldzweig, Towfigh, Maglione, & Shekelle, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The results are based on a pilot study, so caution is needed when interpreting the effectiveness of the mobile-based aftercare intervention.

“Caution should be taken when interpreting the results (i.e., effectiveness of the mobile-based aftercare intervention) as it is based on a pilot study.”

May combine two claims.

Promoting lifestyle behavior change focused on wellness for recovery can be effective, rather than traditional aftercare approaches that focus on complete abstinence.

“Findings also imply that promoting lifestyle behavior change in a way that meets their needs (i.e., focus on wellness for recovery) can be effective rather than following traditional aftercare approaches that tend to focus on and enforce complete abstinence (i.e., 12-step models).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Mobile technology greatly enhances access to aftercare services because they can be accessed anytime and anywhere.

“Additionally, because aftercare services to support recovery are not routinely or systematically rendered in the substance use treatment field, mobile technology greatly enhances access to such services as they can be accessed anytime and anywhere.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Aftercare services to support recovery are not routinely or systematically rendered in the substance use treatment field.