Mobile Technology Boosts the Effectiveness of Psychotherapy and Behavioral Interventions: A Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
We conducted a meta-analysis on the effects of mobile technology on treatment outcome for psychotherapy and other behavioral interventions. Our search of the literature resulted in 26 empirical articles describing 25 clinical trials testing the benefits of smartphone applications, personal digital assistants (PDAs), or text messaging systems either to supplement treatment or substitute for direct contact with a clinician. Overall, mobile technology use was associated with superior treatment outcome across all study designs and control conditions, effect size (ES) = .34, p < .0001. For the subset of 10 studies that looked specifically at the added benefit of mobile technology using a rigorous “Treatment” versus “Treatment + Mobile” design, effect sizes were only slightly more modest (ES = .27) and still significant ( p < .05). Overall, the results support the role of mobile technology for the delivery of psychotherapy and other behavioral interventions.
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Recent evidence indicates that the implementation of new mobile technologies, such as smartphones, may help to increase therapeutic efficacy, when applied within a blended psychotherapy approach.
“Recent evidence indicates that the implementation of new mobile technologies, such as smartphones, may help to increase therapeutic efficacy, when applied within a blended psychotherapy approach [96–99].”
The Lindhiem et al. meta-analysis found a medium effect size for apps added to ongoing treatments or psychotherapy.
“Overall, the effect size was medium, suggesting that apps can add value to existing treatments.”
From Mobile Apps for Mental Health Issues: Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
The Lindhiem et al. meta-analysis was rated as poor to moderate quality evidence.
“However, the quality of the evidence was rated as poor to moderate (see Tables 1 and 2), given that the effects were imprecise, the samples were very heterogeneous, and the effects were indirect (no subanalyses by diagnosis or problem and all mixed together).”
From Mobile Apps for Mental Health Issues: Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
Lindheim et al's meta-analysis only included adjunctive apps and had a medium effect size, with poor to moderate quality.
“As such, Lindheim et al’s meta-analysis [44] only included adjunctive and had a medium effect size, with poor to moderate quality.”
From Mobile Apps for Mental Health Issues: Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
Treatments for addiction are becoming mobile, adapted for delivery when and where they are needed.
“These kinds of treatments, which have until now been administered only in a clinician’s office during scheduled visits, or sometimes by desktop computer (Carroll et al. 2014) are becoming mobile— adapted for delivery when and where they are needed (Lindhiem et al. 2015; Nahum-Shani et al. 2016).”
From Context and craving during stressful events in the daily lives of drug-dependent patients (2017) · cites this paper as Lindhiem et al. 2015
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- Authors
- Lindhiem, O., Bennett, C. B., Rosen, D., & Silk, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lindhiem, Oliver
- Venue
- Behavior Modification
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-07-17
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 785-804
- ISSN
- 0145-4455 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4167
- PMC
- PMC4633319
- OpenAlex
- W2180980536
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 23.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavior Modification (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R34MH102666, MH093508, K01MH093508)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- mobile technology, psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, mobile application, personal digital assistants, text messaging, treatment outcomes, digital mental health, external beam radiotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Behavior Therapy, Humans, Middle Aged, Psychotherapy, Treatment Outcome, Text Messaging, Mobile Applications
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