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Advantages and challenges of mass spectrometry assays for steroid hormones
Abstract
Although steroid hormones have been measured, primarily in urine, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assays for many years, in the past decade both clinical and research laboratories have dramatically increased usage of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays for measuring circulating levels of steroid hormones. Because of their high validity and throughput, mass spectrometry (MS) assays have replaced conventional radioimmunoassays (RIAs) and direct immunoassays for steroid hormones in larger reference laboratories, and they are touted to become the "gold standard" for steroid hormone quantitation. These advances in MS assays present several major challenges, which include the affordability of smaller laboratories to purchase MS instruments and pay for related operating costs; improving assay sensitivity, especially for measuring low estradiol levels in postmenopausal women and women treated with aromatase inhibitors; developing assays for quantitating profiles of steroid hormone metabolites in serum and tissues; standardizing steroid MS assays; and obtaining reliable reference intervals. The present review discusses the advantages of MS assays over conventional RIAs and direct immunoassays in steroid hormone measurements, and points out some of the important challenges facing the rapid increase in usage of MS assays.
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“Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry is well accepted as the preferred technique for the analysis of testosterone [90, 91].”
From Integrating Transwomen and Female Athletes with Differences of Sex Development (DSD) into Elite Competition: The FIMS 2021 Consensus Statement (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stanczyk, F. Z., & Clarke, N. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Quest Diagnostics (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stanczyk, Frank Z.
- ORCID
- Stanczyk, Frank Z.
- Venue
- The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-08
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 3-5
- Pages
- 491-495
- ISSN
- 0960-0760 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1985139791
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Laboratory Technology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Keywords
- steroid hormones, mass spectrometry assay, LC-MS/MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, radioimmunoassay comparison, estradiol measurement, aromatase inhibitors, postmenopausal women, steroid hormone metabolites, assay standardization, reference values, assay sensitivity
- MeSH terms
- Female, Hormones, Humans, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Radioimmunoassay, Steroids
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