Why Women See Differently from the Way Men See? A Review of Sex Differences in Cognition and Sports
Open accessAbstract
The differences of learning and memory between males and females have been well documented and confirmed by both human and animal studies. The sex differences in cognition started from early stage of neuronal development and last through entire life span. The major biological basis of the gender-dependent cognitive activity includes two major components: sex hormone and sex-related characteristics, such as sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) protein. However, the knowledge of how much biology of sex contributes to normal cognitive function and elite athletes in various sports are still pretty limited. In this review, we will be focusing on sex differences in spatial learning and memory - especially the role of male- and female-type cognitive behaviors in sports.
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Cognitive differences between males and females have also been described across multiple domains, including working memory, verbal fluency, spatial reasoning, and emotional recognition.
“In parallel, cognitive differences between males and females have also been described across multiple domains, including working memory, verbal fluency, spatial reasoning, and emotional recognition [33,34,35,36].”
From Benchmarking Multimodal Deep Fusion Strategies for Heterogeneous Neuroimaging and Cognitive Data Using a Controlled Sex Classification Task (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
Section 3.2 (Verbal memory; page unavailable) describes sex differences in working memory and verbal fluency, and the Conclusion describes differences in spatial tasks. The Introduction mentions emotional memory, but the passages do not establish a difference in emotional recognition; object recognition in section 3.1 is a different task. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Li, R.
- Affiliations
- Roskamp Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Rena
- ORCID
- Li, Rena
- Venue
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 155-162
- ISSN
- 2213-2961 (ISSN-L)
- 2095-2546
- PMC
- PMC4266559
- OpenAlex
- W2147824403
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 2.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- American Health Assistance Foundation (G2006-118)
- National Institutes of Health (R01AG032441–01, R01AG025888)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sports, Gender, and Society
- Keywords
- sex differences in cognition, spatial learning and memory, sex hormones, Y chromosome, gender differences in sport, elite athletes, sex differences in learning
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