Syntactic complexity in college-level English writing: Differences among writers with diverse L1 backgrounds

Statistical Methods for Psychology.

Gudgeon, A. C., & Howell, D. C. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348956 · Cited by 8,277 · see citing works

Task-based Language Learning and Teaching

Ellis, R. (2003) · Asian Journal of English Language Teaching · doi:10.65961/ajelt-2003-1-009 · Cited by 3,601 · see citing works

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar

Wadley, S. A., Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1987) · Journal of the American Oriental Society · doi:10.2307/603476 · Cited by 2,916 · see citing works

TASK-BASED LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TEACHING

Mackey, A. (2004) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263104293056 · Cited by 2,838 · see citing works

Towards an Organic Approach to Investigating CAF in Instructed SLA: The Case of Complexity

Norris, J. M., & Ortega, L. (2009) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amp044 · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works

Modelling Second Language Performance: Integrating Complexity, Accuracy, Fluency, and Lexis

Skehan, P. (2009) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amp047 · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works

Analysing Learner Language

Ellis, R., & Barkhuizen, G. (2005) · Cited by 1,084 · see citing works

Automatic analysis of syntactic complexity in second language writing

Lu, X. (2010) · International Journal of Corpus Linguistics · doi:10.1075/ijcl.15.4.02lu · Cited by 1,053 · see citing works

Syntactic Complexity Measures and their Relationship to L2 Proficiency: A Research Synthesis of College-level L2 Writing

Ortega, L. (2003) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/24.4.492 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works

Second Language Development in Writing: Measures of Fluency, Accuracy and Complexity

Broussard, K. M., Wolfe-Quintero, K., Inagaki, S., & Kim, H.-Y. (2001) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3587656 · Cited by 913 · see citing works

Complexity, accuracy and fluency in second language acquisition

Housen, A., & Kuiken, F. (2009) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amp048 · Cited by 863 · see citing works

A Corpus‐Based Evaluation of Syntactic Complexity Measures as Indices of College‐Level ESL Writers' Language Development

Lu, X. (2011) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.5054/tq.2011.240859 · Cited by 788 · see citing works

Defining and operationalising L2 complexity

Bulté, B., & Housen, A. (2012) · Language Learning & Language Teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.32.02bul · Cited by 587 · see citing works

Dimensions of L2 Performance and Proficiency

Housen, A., Kuiken, F., & Vedder, I. (2012) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.32 · Cited by 482 · see citing works

CAF: Defining, Refining and Differentiating Constructs

Pallotti, G. (2009) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amp045 · Cited by 469 · see citing works

Discourse Functions and Syntactic Complexity in Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication

Sotillo, S. M. (2000) · Language learning & technology · Cited by 460 · see citing works

Computer Learner Corpora, Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching

(2002) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.6 · Cited by 460 · see citing works

THE EFFECTS OF PLANNING ON FLUENCY, COMPLEXITY, AND ACCURACY IN SECOND LANGUAGE NARRATIVE WRITING

Ellis, R., & Yuan, F. (2004) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263104261034 · Cited by 453 · see citing works

L2 Learner Production and Processing of Collocation: A Multi-study Perspective

Siyanova‐Chanturia, A., & Schmitt, N. (2008) · Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes · doi:10.3138/cmlr.64.3.429 · Cited by 393 · see citing works

The grammatical and lexical patterning of MAKE in native and non-native student writing

Altenberg, B. (2001) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/22.2.173 · Cited by 391 · see citing works

THE EFFECTS OF PLANNING ON FLUENCY, COMPLEXITY, AND ACCURACY IN SECOND LANGUAGE NARRATIVE WRITING

Ellis, R., & Yuan, F. (2004) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263104026130 · Cited by 367 · see citing works

Different topics, different discourse: Relationships among writing topic, measures of syntactic complexity, and judgments of writing quality.

Yang, W., Lu, X., & Weigle, S. C. (2015) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2015.02.002 · Cited by 349 · see citing works

From CA to CIA and back: An integrated approach to computerized bilingual and learner corpora

Granger, S. (1996) · Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) · Cited by 339 · see citing works

A simple view of linguistic complexity

Pallotti, G. (2014) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658314536435 · Cited by 280 · see citing works

Attainment of Syntactic and Morphological Accuracy by Advanced Language Learners

Bardovi‐Harlig, K., & Bofman, T. (1989) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263100007816 · Cited by 206 · see citing works

L1 use during L2 writing: An empirical study of a complex phenomenon

van Weijen, D., van den Bergh, H., Rijlaarsdam, G., & Sanders, T. J. M. (2009) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2009.06.003 · Cited by 189 · see citing works

Writing in A Bilingual Program: The Relation of L1 and L2 Texts

Edelsky, C. (1982) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3586793 · Cited by 178 · see citing works

A Second Look at T-Unit Analysis: Reconsidering the Sentence

Bardovi‐Harlig, K. (1992) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3587016 · Cited by 172 · see citing works

Modality in advanced Swedish learners’ written interlanguage

Aijmer, K. (2002) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.6.07aij · Cited by 165 · see citing works

A Report on the 2017 Native Language Identification Shared Task

Malmasi, S., Evanini, K., Cahill, A., Tetreault, J., Pugh, R., Hamill, C., Napolitano, D., & Qian, Y. (2017) · Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications · doi:10.18653/v1/w17-5007 · Cited by 160 · see citing works

What Linguistic Features Are Indicative of Writing Quality? A Case of Argumentative Essays in a College Composition Program

Taguchi, N., Crawford, W. J., & Wetzel, D. Z. (2013) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.91 · Cited by 144 · see citing works

A corpus-based comparison of syntactic complexity in NNS and NS university students’ writing

Ai, H., & Lu, X. (2013) · Studies in corpus linguistics · doi:10.1075/scl.59.15ai · Cited by 138 · see citing works

Writing in the Secondary Foreign Language Classroom: The Effects of Prompts and Tasks on Novice Learners of French

Way, D. P., Joiner, E. G., & Seaman, M. A. (2000) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/0026-7902.00060 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Objective measurement of low-proficiency EFL narrative writing

Ishikawa, S. (1995) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/1060-3743(95)90023-3 · Cited by 124 · see citing works

Writing in foreign language contexts : learning, teaching, and research

Manchón, R. M. (2009) · Cited by 122 · see citing works

The development of formulaic sequences in first and second language writing

O’Donnell, M. B., Römer, U., & Ellis, N. C. (2013) · International Journal of Corpus Linguistics · doi:10.1075/ijcl.18.1.07odo · Cited by 119 · see citing works

Tracing the culture behind writing: Rhetorical patterns and bidirectional transfer in L1 and L2 essays of Turkish writers in relation to educational context

Uysal, H. H. (2008) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2007.11.003 · Cited by 111 · see citing works

Language development in students' journals

Casanave, C. P. (1994) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/1060-3743(94)90016-7 · Cited by 102 · see citing works

Rhetorical Strategies in Student Persuasive Writing: Differences between Native and Non-Native English Speakers

Ferris, D. R. (1994) · Research in the Teaching of English · doi:10.58680/rte199415388 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

The International Corpus of Learner English. Version 3

Granger, S., Dupont, M., Meunier, F., Naets, H., & Paquot, M. (2020) · Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) · Cited by 92 · see citing works

The Incidental Development of L2 Proficiency in NS-NNS Email Interactions

Stockwell, G., & Harrington, M. (2003) · CALICO Journal · doi:10.1558/cj.v20i2.337-359 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity, lexical variation and accuracy as a function of task complexity and proficiency level in L2 writing and speaking

Kuiken, F., & Vedder, I. (2012) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.32.07kui · Cited by 89 · see citing works

The interaction of complexity and grammatical processability: The case of Swedish as a foreign language

Norrby, C. E., & Håkansson, G. (2007) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral.2007.002 · Cited by 83 · see citing works

Automatic Treatment and Analysis of Learner Corpus Data

Díaz-Negrillo, A., Ballier, N., & Thomson, P. (2013) · Studies in corpus linguistics · doi:10.1075/scl.59 · Cited by 83 · see citing works

Specific Syntactic Complexity: Developmental Profiling of Individuals Based on an Annotated Learner Corpus

Vyatkina, N. (2013) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2012.01421.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works

Lexical bundles and L1 transfer effects

Paquot, M. (2013) · International Journal of Corpus Linguistics · doi:10.1075/ijcl.18.3.06paq · Cited by 74 · see citing works

The transfer of V2: inversion and negation in German and Dutch learners of English

Rankin, T. (2011) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006911405578 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Chapter 9. Studying Writing Across EFL Contexts: Looking Back and Moving Forward

Ortega, L. (2009) · Multilingual Matters eBooks · doi:10.21832/9781847691859-013 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

First Language Influences in Second Language Composition: The Effect of Pre‐Writing

Lally, C. G. (2000) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2000.tb00623.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Evidence of Transfer and Loss in Developing Second Language Writers*

Carson, J. G., & Kuehn, P. A. (1992) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1992.tb00706.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications

Dzikovska, M. O., Farrow, E., & Moore, J. D. (2013) · Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Use of signalling nouns across L1 and L2 writer corpora

Flowerdew, J. (2010) · International Journal of Corpus Linguistics · doi:10.1075/ijcl.15.1.02flo · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Approaching language transfer through text classification : explorations in the detection-based approach

Jarvis, S., & Crossley, S. A. (2012) · Cited by 41 · see citing works

4. Detecting the First Language of Second Language Writers Using Automated Indices of Cohesion, Lexical Sophistication, Syntactic Complexity and Conceptual Knowledge

Crossley, S. A., & McNamara, D. S. (2012) · Multilingual Matters eBooks · doi:10.21832/9781847696991-005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

5. Error Patterns and Automatic L1 Identification

Bestgen, Y., Granger, S., & Thewissen, J. (2012) · Multilingual Matters eBooks · doi:10.21832/9781847696991-006 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Information structural transfer in advanced Dutch EFL writing

van Vuuren, S. (2013) · Linguistics in the Netherlands · doi:10.1075/avt.30.13van · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Le point sur les transferts dans l'écriture en langue seconde

Lefrançois, P. (2001) · Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes · doi:10.3138/cmlr.58.2.223 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

The Generic and Rhetorical Structures of Expositions in English by Chinese Ethnic Minorities: A Perspective from Intracultural Contrastive Rhetoric

Liu, J. (2008) · Language and Intercultural Communication · doi:10.2167/laic179.0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

On translating "The Sunday Drive"

Ziegler, H. (1991) · OPUS Publication Server of the University of Stuttgart (University of Stuttgart) · doi:10.18419/opus-5374 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Exploring an AI-based writing Assistant's impact on English language learners

Gayed, J. M., Carlon, M. K. J., Oriola, A. M., & Cross, J. S. (2022) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100055 · Cited by 340 · see citing works

Automated measurement of syntactic complexity in corpus-based L2 writing research and implications for writing assessment

Lu, X. (2017) · Language Testing · doi:10.1177/0265532217710675 · Cited by 224 · see citing works

Linguistic complexity in L2 writing revisited: Issues of topic, proficiency, and construct multidimensionality

Yoon, H. (2017) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2017.03.007 · Cited by 198 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity and writing quality in assessed first-year L2 writing

Casal, J. E., & Lee, J. J. (2019) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2019.03.005 · Cited by 190 · see citing works

Understanding first-year L2 writing: A lexico-grammatical analysis across L1s, genres, and language ratings

Staples, S., & Reppen, R. (2016) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2016.02.002 · Cited by 188 · see citing works

Investigating grammatical complexity in L2 English writing research: Linguistic description versus predictive measurement

Biber, D., Gray, B., Staples, S., & Egbert, J. (2020) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2020.100869 · Cited by 178 · see citing works

Phrasal complexity in academic writing: A comparison of abstracts written by graduate students and expert writers in applied linguistics

Ansarifar, A., Shahriari, H., & Pishghadam, R. (2018) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2017.12.008 · Cited by 164 · see citing works

Examining the impact of Grammarly on the quality of mobile L2 writing

Dizon, G., & Gayed, J. M. (2021) · The JALT CALL Journal · doi:10.29140/jaltcall.v17n2.336 · Cited by 138 · see citing works

Smart multimedia learning of ICT: role and impact on language learners’ writing fluency— YouTube online English learning resources as an example

Alobaid, A. (2020) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-020-00134-7 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Automated Assessment of Non-Native Learner Essays: Investigating the Role of Linguistic Features

Vajjala, S. (2017) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-017-0142-3 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

Exploring Learner Language Through Corpora: Comparing and Interpreting Corpus Frequency Information

Gablasová, D., Březina, V., & McEnery, T. (2017) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12226 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity development in the writings of EFL learners: Insights from a dependency syntactically-annotated corpus.

Jiang, J., Bi, P., & Liu, H. (2019) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2019.100666 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

The rhetorical functions of syntactically complex sentences in social science research article introductions

Lu, X., Casal, J. E., & Liu, Y. (2019) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2019.100832 · Cited by 100 · see citing works

An exploratory study on factors influencing undergraduate students’ academic writing practices in Turkey

Altınmakas, D., & Bayyurt, Y. (2018) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2018.11.006 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

Complexity, accuracy, and fluency as indices of college-level L2 writers’ proficiency

Barrot, J. S., & Agdeppa, J. Y. (2020) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2020.100510 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Analysis of syntactic complexity in secondary education EFL writers at different proficiency levels

Martı́nez, A. C. L. (2017) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2017.11.002 · Cited by 83 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity across academic research article part-genres: A cross-disciplinary perspective

Casal, J. E., Lu, X., Qiu, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, G. (2021) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2021.100996 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

The reliability and validity of automated tools for examining variation in syntactic complexity across genres

Polio, C. G., & Yoon, H. (2018) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.12200 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Investigating Syntactic Complexity in EFL Learners' Writing across Common European Framework of Reference Levels A1, A2, and B1

Khushik, G. A., & Huhta, A. (2018) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amy064 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity in translated and non-translated texts: A corpus-based study of simplification

Liu, K., & Afzaal, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253454 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

A large-scale longitudinal study of syntactic complexity development in EFL writing: A mixed-effects model approach

Lei, L., Wen, J., & Yang, X. (2022) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2022.100962 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity in assessing young adolescent EFL learners’ writings: Syntactic elaboration and diversity

Bi, P., & Jiang, J. (2020) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2020.102248 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Syntactic Complexity in Adapted Teaching Materials: Differences Among Grade Levels and Implications for Benchmarking

Jin, T., Lu, X., & Ni, J. (2020) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12622 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Dependency distance measures in assessing L2 writing proficiency

Ouyang, J., Jiang, J., & Liu, H. (2022) · Assessing Writing: An International Journal · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2021.100603 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

A corpus-based investigation on noun phrase complexity in L1 and L2 English writing

Lan, G., Zhang, Q., Lucas, K., Sun, Y., & Gao, J. (2022) · English for Specific Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.esp.2022.02.002 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Comparing L1 and L2 Texts and Writers in First‐Year Composition

Eckstein, G., & Ferris, D. R. (2017) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.376 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Verb argument construction complexity indices and L2 writing quality: Effects of writing tasks and prompts

Mostafa, T., & Crossley, S. A. (2020) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2020.100730 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in the argumentative writing of ESL and EFL learners

Barrot, J. S., & Gabinete, M. K. L. (2019) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2017-0012 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

The effects of task repetition across modalities and proficiency levels

Sánchez, A. J., Manchón, R. M., & Gilabert, R. (2020) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.56.06san · Cited by 49 · see citing works

What linguistic features distinguish and predict L2 writing quality? A study of examination scripts written by adolescent Chinese learners of English in Hong Kong

Lee, C., Ge, H., & Chung, E. (2021) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2021.102461 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Longitudinal Growth Trajectories of Written Syntactic Complexity: The Case of Turkish Learners in an Intensive English Program

Polat, N., Mahalingappa, L. J., & Mancilla, R. (2019) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amz034 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity of research article part-genres: Differences between emerging and expert international publication writers

Yin, S., Gao, Y., & Lu, X. (2020) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2020.102427 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Beyond Differences: Assessing Effects of Shared Linguistic Features on L2 Writing Quality of Two Genres

Zhang, X., Lu, X., & Li, W. (2021) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amab007 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Automated annotation of learner English

Picoral, A., Staples, S., & Reppen, R. (2020) · International Journal of Learner Corpus Research · doi:10.1075/ijlcr.20003.pic · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Examining the effects of English as a foreign language student-writers’ metacognitive experiences on their writing performance

Sun, Q., & Zhang, L. J. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03416-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Development of syntactic complexity in Chinese university students’ L2 argumentative writing

Li, Y., Nikitina, L., & Riget, P. N. (2022) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2022.101099 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity in L2 learners’ argumentative writing: Developmental stages and the within-genre topic effect

Atak, N., & Sarıcaoğlu, A. (2020) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2020.100506 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

The possibility of improving automated calculation of measures of lexical richness for EFL writing: A comparison of the LCA, NLTK and SpaCy tools

Spring, R., & Johnson, M. (2022) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2022.102770 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Verb argument construction complexity indices and L2 written production: effects of task complexity and task repetition

Tabari, M. A., Khezrlou, S., & Tian, Y. (2023) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2023.2211955 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

The Relationship Between First and Second Language Writing: Investigating the Effects of First Language Complexity on Second Language Complexity in Advanced Stages of Learning

Ströbel, M., Kerz, E., & Wiechmann, D. (2020) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12394 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Is postgraduate English academic writing more clausal or phrasal? Syntactic complexification at the crossroads of genre, proficiency, and statistical modelling

Nasseri, M. (2020) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2020.100940 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

GenAI as a translation assistant? A corpus-based study on lexical and syntactic complexity of GPT-post-edited learner translation

Kwok, H. L., Shi, Y., Xu, H., Li, D., & Liu, K. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103618 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Noun‐Phrase Complexity Measures in Chinese and Their Relationship to L2 Chinese Writing Quality: A Comparison with Topic–Comment‐Unit‐Based Measures

Lu, X., & Wu, J. (2022) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12766 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity of interpreted, L2 and L1 speech: A constrained language perspective

Liu, Y., Cheung, A. K. F., & Liu, K. (2023) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2023.103509 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Understanding EFL reading anxiety in relation to learning motivation, attitudes and strategies for Chinese and Spanish undergraduates

Chen, S., Du, H., Wang, S., & Yang, L. (2022) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2022.102842 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Native Language Cognate Effects on Second Language Lexical Choice

Rabinovich, E., Tsvetkov, Y., & Wintner, S. (2018) · Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00024 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Linking text readability and learner proficiency using linguistic complexity feature vector distance

Chen, X., & Meurers, D. (2019) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2018.1527358 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

The Effects of Topic Familiarity on Text Quality, Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency: A Conceptual Replication

Kessler, M., Ma, W., & Solheim, I. (2021) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.3096 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity in individual, collaborative and E-collaborative EFL writing: mediating role of writing modality, L1 and sustained development in focus

Mohamadi, Z. (2020) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-020-09818-w · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Phraseological complexity and low- and intermediate-level L2 learners’ writing quality

Jiang, J., Bi, P., Xie, N., & Liu, H. (2021) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2019-0147 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Nonlinearity and inter- and intra-individual variability in the extent of engagement in self-reflection and its role in second language writing: A multiple-case study

Wind, A. M. (2021) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2021.102672 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Natural language processing for learner corpus research

Kyle, K. D. (2020) · International Journal of Learner Corpus Research · doi:10.1075/ijlcr.00019.int · Cited by 27 · see citing works

The effects of topic familiarity on emotionality and linguistic complexity in EAP writing

Tabari, M. A., Bui, G., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688211033565 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Dimensions of Text Complexity in the Spoken and Written Modes: A Comparison of Theory-Based Models

Biber, D., Larsson, T., & Hancock, G. R. (2024) · Journal of English Linguistics · doi:10.1177/00754242231222296 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Effects of task structure on young learners’ writing quality

Cheung, Y. L., & Jang, H. (2019) · INTESOL Journal · doi:10.18060/23193 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

L1 differences in L2 English academic writing: A lexical bundles analysis

Appel, R., & Murray, L. (2020) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2020.100873 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity in learner-generated research paper introductions: Rhetorical functions and level of move/step realization

Sarıcaoğlu, A., Bilki, Z., & Plakans, L. (2021) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2021.101037 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in L2 writing across proficiency levels: A matter of L1 background?

Phuoc, V. D., & Barrot, J. S. (2022) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2022.100673 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Automated assessment of learner text complexity

Lyashevskaya, O., Panteleeva, I., & Vinogradova, O. (2021) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2021.100529 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Is the readability of abstracts decreasing in management research?

Graf‐Vlachy, L. (2021) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-021-00468-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

‘Maybe complicated is a better word’: Second-language English graduate student responses to syntactic complexity in a genre-based academic writing course

Casal, J. E., & Lu, X. (2021) · International Journal of English for Academic Purposes Research and Practice · doi:10.3828/ijeap.2021.7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Using corpus analysis to extend experimental research: Genre effects in L2 writing

Lee, J. (2021) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2021.102563 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity revisited: sensitivity of China’s AES-generated scores to syntactic measures, effects of discourse-mode and topic

Qian, L., Yang, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-020-10087-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Using the Sociocognitive-Transformative Approach in Writing Classrooms: Effects on L2 Learners’ Writing Performance

Barrot, J. S. (2017) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2017.1387631 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

The effects of automatic writing evaluation and teacher-focused feedback on CALF measures and overall quality of L2 writing across different genres

Ajabshir, Z. F., & Ebadi, S. (2023) · Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education · doi:10.1186/s40862-023-00201-9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Enhancing GPT-based automated essay scoring: the impact of fine-tuning and linguistic complexity measures

Liu, Y., Qi, H., & Lu, X. (2025) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2025.2518430 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Phrasal complexity in English argumentative writing: Variations across Chinese STEM versus English majors' production and EFL textbook essays

Shao, Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Zhong, Y., & Xu, X. (2021) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2021.101070 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Noun phrasal complexity in ESL written essays under a constructed-response task: Examining proficiency and topic effects

Sarte, K. M., & Gnevsheva, K. (2021) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2021.100595 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Mapping out the disciplinary variation of syntactic complexity in student academic writing

Dong, J., Wang, H., & Buckingham, L. (2022) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2022.102974 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Diachronic changes in the syntactic complexity of emerging Chinese international publication writers’ research article introductions: A rhetorical strategic perspective

Yin, S., Gao, Y., & Lu, X. (2022) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2022.101205 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

L2 English speaking syntactic complexity: Data preprocessing issues, reliability of automated analysis, and the effects of proficiency, L1 background, and topic

Kim, M., & Lu, X. (2024) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12907 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

How syntactic complexity indices predict Chinese L2 writing quality: An analysis of unified dependency syntactically-annotated corpus

Hao, Y., Wang, X., Bin, S., Yang, Q., & Liu, H. (2024) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2024.100847 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Effects of n-grams on the rated L2 writing quality of expository essays: A conceptual replication and extension

Zhang, X., & Li, W. (2020) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2020.102437 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

A corpus-based comparison of syntactic complexity in academic writing of L1 and L2 English students across years and disciplines

Shen, C., Guo, J., Shi, P., Qu, S., & Tian, J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292688 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Utilizing Machine Learning Techniques for Classifying Translated and Non-Translated Corporate Annual Reports

Wang, Z., Liu, M., & Liu, K. (2024) · Applied Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/08839514.2024.2340393 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

“Why can’t writing courses be taught like this fo real”: Leveraging critical language awareness to promote African American Language speakers’ writing skills

Hankerson, S. (2022) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2022.100919 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Measuring Writing Development and Proficiency Gains Using Indices of Lexical and Syntactic Complexity: Evidence From Longitudinal Russian Learner Corpus Data

Kisselev, O. V., Soyan, R., Pastushenkov, D., & Merrill, J. (2022) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12808 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Task sequencing and L2 writing development: Exploring the SSARC model of pedagogic task sequencing

Tabari, M. A., & Cho, M. (2022) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688221090922 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

A corpus-based study of syntactic complexity of translated and non-translated chairman’s statements

Wang, Z., Lui, K., & Moratto, R. (2023) · The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research · doi:10.12807/ti.115201.2023.a07 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity in second language (L2) writing: Comparing students’ narrative and argumentative essays

Yan, Z., & Barrot, J. S. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103342 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

An investigation of the text features of discrepantly-scored ESL essays: A mixed methods study

Lim, J. (2018) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2018.10.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

The predictive powers of fine-grained syntactic complexity indices for letter writing proficiency and their relationship to pragmatic appropriateness

Li, Y. K., Lin, S., Liu, Y., & Lu, X. (2023) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2023.100707 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Does “more complexity” equal “better writing”? Investigating the relationship between form-based complexity and meaning-based complexity in high school EFL learners’ argumentative writing

Yasuda, S. (2024) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2024.100867 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

EFL students' syntactic complexity development in argumentative writing：A latent class growth analysis (LCGA) approach

Zhang, L. J., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2024.100877 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity in adapted extracurricular reading materials

Lei, L., & Shi, Y. (2023) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2023.103002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Comparing theory-based models of grammatical complexity in student writing

Biber, D., Larsson, T., Hancock, G. R., Reppen, R., Staples, S., & Gray, B. (2024) · International Journal of Learner Corpus Research · doi:10.1075/ijlcr.23036.bib · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Usage-based approaches to assessing syntactic sophistication in second language writing: Interaction of genre and proficiency

Kim, H., & Ro, E. (2024) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2024.101131 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

The Cambridge Introduction to Applied Linguistics

Conrad, S., Hartig, A. J., & Santelmann, L. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108658089 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

A comparison of automated and manual analyses of syntactic complexity in L2 English writing

Châu, Q. H., & Bulté, B. (2022) · International Journal of Corpus Linguistics · doi:10.1075/ijcl.20181.cha · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Comparing the syntactic complexity of plain language summaries and abstracts: A case study of marine science academic writing

Liu, Y., & Li, T. (2024) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2024.101350 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Exploring GenAI affordance in EFL continuation task instruction for developing Chinese high school students’ writing complexity, accuracy and fluency

Wang, Y., & Shi, H. (2026) · Discover Computing · doi:10.1007/s10791-026-10241-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Effects of teacher, automated, and combined feedback on syntactic complexity in EFL students’ writing

Thi, N. K., & Nikolov, M. (2023) · Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education · doi:10.1186/s40862-022-00182-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Deaf readers use leftward information to read more efficiently: Evidence from eye tracking

Stringer, C., Cooley, F. G., Saunders, E., Emmorey, K. D., & Schotter, E. R. (2024) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218241232407 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

The longitudinal development of self-assessment and academic writing: an advanced writing programme

Wind, A. M., & Zólyomi, A. (2022) · Language Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1515/cercles-2022-2046 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Lexical Bundles in Argumentative Essays by Native and Nonnative English-Speaking Novice Academic Writers

Shin, Y. K. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/11994284 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

The Effect of Comprehensive Written Corrective Feedback on EFL Learners’ Written Syntactic Complexity

Valızadeh, M. (2022) · Journal of language and Education · doi:10.17323/jle.2022.12052 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Combining multimodal technology-mediated and peer feedback: effects on second language (L2) learners’ complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) in writing

Imsa-ard, P., & Barrot, J. S. (2024) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2024.2443770 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

A Corpus-based Analysis of High School English Textbooks and English University Entrance Exams in Turkey

Gedik, T. A., & Kolsal, Y. S. (2022) · Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.31261/tapsla.9152 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity of online newspaper editorials across countries

Indarti, D. (2018) · Studies in English Language and Education · doi:10.24815/siele.v5i2.11320 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity as a predictor of second language writing proficiency and writing quality

Park, J.-H. (2017) · Michigan State University Libraries · doi:10.25335/m5td9ng1p · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Effects of speaker types and L1 backgrounds on the linguistic complexity of learners’ writing

Wang, H., Gui, W., Wang, N., & Wang, L. (2023) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.12526 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Linguistic Distance and Syntactic Complexity in L2 Writing: A Dependency‐Based Analysis Across 17 L1 Backgrounds

Yang, N., & Liu, J. (2026) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.70335

Marked distinctions in syntactic complexity: A case of second language university learners’ and native speakers’ syntactic constructions

Lyu, J., Chishti, M. I., & Peng, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1048286 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Syntactic complexity of ICNALE B2 level subcorpus

Ha, M. J. (2022) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · doi:10.17632/hjz2dr4f38

A Comparative Study of the Syntactic Complexity of English Writing for High School Students

Deng</p>, <. (2023) · Frontiers in Educational Research · doi:10.25236/fer.2023.061621