The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 59 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions
Open accessAbstract
Graduate training in school, clinical, and counseling psychology programs is often shaped by structural inequities that can harm racially minoritized trainees. Guided by Critical Race Theory, this qualitative study used counterstorytelling to explore how 10 racially minoritized graduate students in school, clinical, and counseling psychology programs experienced and disclosed microaggressions to faculty/supervisors during their graduate training. Through thematic analysis, six overarching themes emerged: (a) types of microaggressive experiences, (b) influence on perceptions of program climate, (c) influence on emotional functioning, (d) actions in response to microaggressions, (e) faculty/supervisor responses, and (f) institutional feedback. Findings indicate that disclosure is frequently fraught, influenced by perceptions of safety, previous harm, and institutional silence. We conceptualize trainees as “caught” between the risks of silence and the risks of telling the truth about racialized harm, where “truth” refers to their experiential knowledge of oppression that often conflicts with institutional narratives of equity and safety. While some faculty/supervisors responded with cultural humility and validation, others reinforced systemic oppression through inaction or retaliation. Implications for school psychology include the need to reconceptualize supervision as a political and relational space, integrate anti-oppressive frameworks into training, and develop institutional mechanisms for accountability and repair. We urge school psychology programs to move beyond symbolic commitments to equity by addressing how racism, whiteness, and other systems of power shape the supervisory context and student well-being.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This qualitative CRT-informed counterstorytelling study examined how 10 racially minoritized graduate trainees in school, clinical, and counseling psychology experienced and disclosed microaggressions in supervision. It found disclosure was frequently fraught, with trainees caught between silence and truth as faculty/supervisor and institutional responses ranged from validation to inaction, retaliation, and structural barriers.
Key findings
- Six overarching themes emerged: (a) types of microaggressive experiences, (b) influence on perceptions of program climate, (c) influence on emotional functioning, (d) actions in response to microaggressions, (e) faculty/supervisor responses, and (f) institutional feedback. Microinvalidations were the most frequently described form of microaggression.
- Participants were 10 racially minoritized trainees; most were women (n = 8, one also nonbinary), one identified as a man, ages ranged from 25 to 36, and all but two reported heterosexual/straight orientation. All attended historically white institutions, and disclosure decisions hinged on perceived safety, trust, and previous harm; some withheld disclosure, and one participant withdrew from their program.
- Supervisor responses varied widely: some trainees described validation, empowerment, and collaborative support (e.g., Tiffany’s supervisor asked what she wanted to do and how to support her), while others described breached confidentiality, dismissal, blame, retaliation, and institutional protection of faculty who caused harm.
- Institutional feedback barriers included no anonymous way to give feedback on professors, evaluation forms limited to direct supervisors, and complaint processes that left trainees without meaningful accountability or repair.
Methods
- Qualitative phenomenological study using Critical Race Theory and counterstorytelling; 10 racially minoritized graduate trainees in school, clinical, counseling, or blended psychology programs who had disclosed microaggressive experiences during supervision were recruited via Twitter and snowball sampling in April 2023.
- Semi-structured Zoom interviews lasted 30–45 min (M = 38 min), were recorded and transcribed, and covered microaggressive experiences, disclosure decisions, supervisor responses, and emotional impacts.
- Thematic analysis followed Braun and Clarke (2006); two coders independently reviewed transcripts, developed a codebook audited by a fourth author, coded in MAXQDA, and reached 100% inter-coder agreement per transcript; audit trail and peer debriefing supported integrity.
Limitations
- Stated: the sample was mostly heterosexual women aged 25–36, missing voices such as queer men; recruitment via social media and snowball sampling likely influenced age; individual interviews rather than focus groups may have yielded less rich data; the study focused on trainees rather than supervisors; and data were collected before recent mass deportations and heightened anti-immigrant enforcement.
- Evident: the sample is small (N = 10) and all participants attended historically white institutions, limiting transferability; participants self-selected into a study about disclosure, which may overrepresent those willing to discuss these experiences.
- Evident: the paper does not report member checking or longitudinal follow-up, so interpretations rely on one-time interview accounts.
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Claims the paper makes
35 Own result · 28 Own interpretation · 14 Sources not found · 12 Own method · 10 No full text of the sources · 9 Not checked yet · 9 No basis given · 3 Check pending
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data makes clear that institutions frequently protect the reputations, feelings, and egos of white faculty/supervisors who enact microaggressions at the expense of trainee safety.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.5. Protecting whiteness cannot be the default
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants consistently expressed that whiteness was centered and protected, even after clear disclosures of harm.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.5. Protecting whiteness cannot be the default
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the harm participants experienced, trainees also articulated how it felt to be believed, validated, and empowered.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.2. Supervision as a site for liberation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, participants consistently described barriers that discouraged reporting.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.6. Institutional feedback
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individual faculty/supervisor responses to disclosure varied widely, revealing a spectrum of engagement, from genuine support to defensiveness and emotional detachment.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.5. Faculty/supervisor responses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants emphasized that disclosure often hinged on their perceptions of safety and trust in faculty.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.4. Actions in response to microaggressions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Participants shared specific examples of microaggressions they experienced and disclosed in supervision that aligned with Sue et al.' (2007) taxonomy of microaggressions.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.1. Types of Microaggressive experiences
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sue et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants described having emotional responses (i.e., fear, disappointment, frustration, and empowerment) to their microaggressive experiences.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.3. Influence on emotional functioning
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differences often shaped how participants made sense of their experiences and their decisions about future disclosures.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.5. Faculty/supervisor responses
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In more severe cases, participants withdrew from their programs.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.4. Actions in response to microaggressions
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Consistent with Sue et al.' (2007) taxonomy, participants described experiencing microinvalidations most frequently, especially when supervisors ignored or minimized the racial salience of traumatic events.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sue et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants also reflected on their experiences with faculty who supported them and helped foster a sense of belonging.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.2. Influence on perceptions of program climate
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because participants' microaggressive experiences occurred within the context of their graduate studies, they shaped how participants perceived their overall training environment.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.2. Influence on perceptions of program climate
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings show that racially minoritized trainees are repeatedly positioned to choose between silence that preserves institutional comfort and”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 10. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many trainees described these broader experiences as the context that informed whether they felt safe disclosing to supervisors and how they interpreted supervisors' subsequent responses.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6. Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current study, multiple participants reported being the only or one of few students holding racially minoritized identities in their program.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.2. Influence on perceptions of program climate
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In many cases participants acknowledged that their supervisor's action or lack thereof was influenced by the degree to which they felt safe and protected within the system.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 8. Limitations and future research
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants encountered resistance or conflict when attempting to raise concerns.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.6. Institutional feedback
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants chose to withhold disclosure due to distrust or previous harm.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.4. Actions in response to microaggressions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of our participants described receiving support from an individual faculty member or supervisor.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.3. Institutional nature of repair
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, multiple participants in our study commented on their experiences with supervisors who shared their racial identities.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 8. Limitations and future research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participant experiences with microinsults occurred in various academic and clinical settings.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.1. Types of Microaggressive experiences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although none of the participants in this study explicitly referenced fears of deportation or immigration enforcement”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.6. Responses to state surveillance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, most of our participants were heterosexual women between 25 and 36 years old.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 8. Limitations and future research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While supervision should be a space of growth, reflection, and mentorship, it is instead often the case that minoritized trainees encounter microaggressions in supervision (Contreras, 2025).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Contreras, 2025
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They reflect and reproduce societal power dynamics within the supportive and developmental context of supervision (Constantine & Sue, 2007;Sukumaran, 2016).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Constantine & Sue, 2007 source
- Not matchedcites Sukumaran, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In practice, many training programs operationalize supervision through these developmental, competency-based, and ecological models, supplemented by general multicultural and ethical guidelines (e.g., American Psychological Association, 2024).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites American Psychological Association, 2024
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, these approaches rarely require supervisors to adopt explicitly anti-racist, anti-oppressive, or abolitionist frameworks.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Disclosure itself is fraught: supervisors may deflect, pathologize, or invalidate such reports, framing them as misunderstandings or overly emotional responses, noting that these dismissive responses are relevant when a trainee discloses having experienced a microaggression from their supervisor or from someone else (e.g., their client, a peer or faculty member in their training program;”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Constantine & Sue, 2007 source
- Not matchedcites Sukumaran, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dominant supervisory models in school, clinical, and counseling psychology are often grounded in assumptions of neutrality, individualism, and professionalism that can obscure how power and oppression operate in training relationships.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These experiences are not isolated interpersonal incidents, but patterned enactments of broader systemic inequities (Solórzano & Pérez Huber, 2020).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Solórzano & Pérez Huber, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Microaggressions can operate as the everyday mechanism through which white supremacy, heteropatriarchy, and classism are reproduced within ostensibly neutral or supportive contexts like clinical supervision (Solórzano & Pérez Huber, 2020).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Solórzano & Pérez Huber, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Despite these arguments, there is ample evidence to support the claim that microaggressions are indeed harmful to receivers.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 2. Consequences of microaggression
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our study contributes to a growing body of research (Contreras, 2025;Pérez Huber & Solórzano, 2015;Solórzano & Yosso, 2002a, 2002b) that positions microaggressions in supervision not as isolated incidents; rather, as manifestations of broader systemic inequities shaped by race, gender, class, and other intersecting identities.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Contreras, 2025
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pérez Huber & Solórzano, 2015 source
- Not matchedcites Solórzano & Yosso, 2002a, 2002b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, procedures often lack transparency and timely communication, leaving trainees uncertain about what, if anything, has been done in response to their disclosure.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using Solórzano and Pérez Huber's (2020) conceptualization of microaggression, supervision in mental health service provision occurs within the intersection of education and healthcare, both of which are systems imbedded with racism, sexism, homophobia, and so forth.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Solórzano and Pérez Huber's (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Scholars engaged in critical work, such as CRT, acknowledge that individuals' microaggressive experiences are founded in institutional and systemic oppression.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their counterstories remind us that supervision is not a neutral exchange; it is a political and relational site shaped by power, identity, and institutional silence.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 10. Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Faculty and supervisors may be prone to engage in microaggressive behaviors that reflect bias given the identities of supervisees and their clients.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Few studies (e.g., Nadal et al., 2011;Owen et al., 2014) have qualitatively examined how supervisees who hold minoritized identities navigate the full emotional, relational, and institutional arc of disclosing microaggressions, particularly within the context of school, clinical, and counseling psychology graduate training programs.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nadal et al., 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Owen et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Microaggressive experiences during training that are ignored, invalidated, or compounded when disclosed in supervision may exacerbate the stress that minoritized trainees feel, making it more difficult for programs to retain them.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The demands of graduate school combined with the current sociopolitical climate that targets minoritized students and higher education broadly already act as stressors that may threaten trainees' ability to persist.
In the paper
“First, they are overwhelmingly reactive and complaint-drive, placing the burden of documentation, emotional labor, and risk of retaliation on trainees (Gunzburger, 2017).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gunzburger, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Her response underscores how institutional encouragement may not always translate to personal readiness or perceived safety.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.4. Actions in response to microaggressions
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even fewer have framed these experiences through CRT, which foregrounds the role of power, systemic racism, and counternarratives in shaping institutional life (Contreras, 2025;Pérez Huber & Solórzano, 2015;Solórzano & Yosso, 2002).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Contreras, 2025
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pérez Huber & Solórzano, 2015 source
- Not matchedcites Solórzano & Yosso, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By thematically analyzing interviews with 10 racially minoritized trainees, we identified themes that reflect the interpersonal and structural nature of microaggressions in supervision”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The narratives shared by participants demonstrate how supervision, intended as a space for growth, mentorship, and professional development, often becomes a site of racial harm, silencing, and re-traumatization for racially minoritized trainees.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9. Practical implications
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Supervision is intended as a space for growth, mentorship, and professional development.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Supervisees do not merely experience microaggressions; they are positioned within a system that compels silence, self-monitoring, and identity-splitting in order to preserve the illusion of fitness and professionalism.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“As a result, even where formal mechanisms exist, supervisees often bear both the initial harm and the aftermath of institutional neglect (Gunzburger, 2017;Solórzano & Pérez Huber, 2020).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gunzburger, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Solórzano & Pérez Huber, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Training programs and supervisors must contend with the reality that their trainees live and learn in a climate of heightened identity-based fear and political repression.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.6. Responses to state surveillance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gretzinger et al., 2025
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Datar, 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Mowreader, 2025
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their experiences illustrate the cumulative toll of inadequate institutional responses to reported harm.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.4. Actions in response to microaggressions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this context, trainees' truths about microaggressions and racialized harm are rendered risky.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It matters, and must be centered, because ignoring or suppressing this experiential truth reproduces epistemic injustices: institutions treat trainees' knowledge of harm as less credible than dominant, race-neutral narratives of climate and professionalism.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Data from our study corroborates this prior work, as our participants described how their experiences with these transgressions impacted their perception of their programs, noting feelings of diminished connection and safety.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flint, 2025
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Keels et al., 2017 source
- Not matchedcites Torres Gonzalez, 2024
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These structures left participants without channels to report issues about institutional figures or clinical environments.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.6. Institutional feedback
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given our findings, it is clear that minoritized trainees constantly navigate how their identities are interpreted, dismissed, or punished in supervision.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.1. Supervision as a racialized space
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 48
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- Probably not a substantial claim. 33
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through thematic analysis, six overarching themes emerged: (a) types of microaggressive experiences, (b) influence on perceptions of program climate, (c) influence on emotional functioning, (d) actions in response to microaggressions, (e) faculty/supervisor responses, and (f) institutional feedback.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings indicate that disclosure is frequently fraught, influenced by perceptions of safety, previous harm, and institutional silence.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While some faculty/supervisors responded with cultural humility and validation, others reinforced systemic oppression through inaction or retaliation.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, microassaults, though less frequently reported, were no less significant.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.1. Types of Microaggressive experiences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite formal procedures being followed, the outcome reinforced perceptions of institutional protection over accountability.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.6. Institutional feedback
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants reported attending a historically white institution where most of their peers and classmates were white.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.1. Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Microinvalidations were the most frequently described, and these transgressions typically involved minimization or erasure of participants' racialized experiences.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.1. Types of Microaggressive experiences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants in the current study reported encountering harm not only as part of their interpersonal relationships with supervisors, but also relevant to how their supervisors conceptualized their cases (e.g., dismissing race as relevant to case conceptualization, racialized behaviors reframed as individual pathology).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.4. Decolonization of training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified six overarching themes across participant interviews.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6. Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants felt validated and empowered when supervisors acted or created space for dialogue, while others expressed fear or disappointment when their experiences were dismissed, ignored, or inadequately addressed.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.3. Influence on emotional functioning
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten individuals consented to participate and completed the study.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.1. Participants
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These experiences often intersected with a sense of lacking agency and navigating faculty dynamics around race.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.2. Influence on perceptions of program climate
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Her response illustrates how institutional climate, and racial isolation shaped her sense of psychological safety and decision to forego disclosure of her experiences.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.3. Influence on emotional functioning
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants held racially minoritized identities, with three identifying as Black, one Black American, two Black and African American, one Black and Caribbean, one Afro Latina, one Mexican, and one Korean.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.1. Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the genderbased microinsults were specifically directed toward the transgender community and reflected narratives of heteronormativity and gender essentialism.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.1. Types of Microaggressive experiences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, Tiffany described a supervisor who responded with immediate support and validation.”
- Also stated in: § 6.5. Faculty/supervisor responses · plain
“Tiffany's supervisor helped her process the event and strategize next steps without pushing her to educate others or confront the aggressor.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.5. Faculty/supervisor responses
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6.5. Faculty/supervisor responses · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such frameworks position dominant ideologies as the professional norm, and prioritize color-evasive discourse, respectability politics, and the privileging of institutional reputation over trainee safety.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Further, research has demonstrated that there are cognitive consequences to exposure to microaggressions (Banks & Cicciarelli, 2019;Banks & Landau, 2024), which may directly impact how students engage with academic material.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 2. Consequences of microaggression
What the sources say
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Crenshaw (1989) coined the term intersectionality to explain the interconnecting nature of racism and sexism specifically for Black women and the exclusion of their experiences from the white feminist movement.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw (1989)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Experiences of racial discrimination for Black individuals are linked to mental health difficulties such as depression and stress, as well as self-reported physical health concerns, including cardiovascular disease and obesity (Davis & Stevenson, 2006;Lambert et al., 2009).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 2. Consequences of microaggression
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Scholars Solórzano and Pérez Huber (2020) examine racial microaggressions through the lens of CRT and describe microaggressions as manifestations of institutional racism, in that these messages often stem from ideological beliefs (i.e., white supremacy) embedded into larger systems such as education and healthcare.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Solórzano and Pérez Huber (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“When supervisors fail to acknowledge or meaningfully respond to microaggressions, it is not only possible that these behaviors may fracture supervisory alliance, as they may also reaffirm institutional silence around racism and other structural harms (Barnes, 2011;Gunzburger, 2017).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barnes, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gunzburger, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Similarly, discrimination negatively impacts mental health, as perceived discrimination is a significant predictor of depressive symptoms among Indigenous adults, and Asian and Latiné people are more prone to psychological distress and somatic symptoms following microaggressive encounters (Nadal et al., 2014;Whitbeck et al., 2002).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 2. Consequences of microaggression
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although often subtle and enacted with ambiguous intent, microaggressions function as mechanisms that uphold dominant ideologies and sustain systemic inequities by reaffirming the social hierarchy that privileges whiteness, cisgender identity, heterosexuality, and other dominant positionalities (Nadal et al., 2014;Sue et al., 2007).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Critical Race Theory (CRT) provides this context, as it is an interdisciplinary intellectual and social justice framework that posits racism not as aberrational; rather, an ordinary, deeply embedded feature of social, legal, and educational institutions in the United States (U.S.; Delgado & Stefancic, 2017).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Delgado & Stefancic, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Competency-based approaches emphasize accountability, risk management, and discrete skill acquisition, frequently treating culture as a single competency domain rather than a structural condition that shapes all aspects of training (Falender, 2018;Falender & Shafranske, 2023;Rothwell et al., 2021).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When supervision is framed as neutral, individualized, and primarily evaluative, disclosures of racism and microaggressions may be perceived as threats to professionalism or program image rather than as ethically urgent information about harm.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Exposure to microaggressions in supervision or engagement with supervisors who are not well-prepared to support supervisees who experience microaggressions outside of supervision can be damaging to the supervisory relationship, and this damage can negatively affect supervisory alliance when supervisees do not perceive their supervisors to be prepared and express cultural humility (Wilcox et al., 2”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wilcox et al., 2024 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We recruited trainees enrolled in school, clinical, counseling, or blended psychology graduate programs who held racially minoritized identities and had disclosed microaggressive experiences during supervision.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.1. Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, Neville et al. (2021) describe liberatory practices in counseling psychology as those that foster critical consciousness, affirm the lived experiences of racially minoritized individuals, and work toward collective healing and justice.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.2. Supervision as a site for liberation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Neville et al. (2021) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval from our university, we circulated a flier advertising our study on the platform formally known as Twitter during April 2023.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.2. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We acknowledge that school, clinical, and counseling psychology programs today are overrepresented by women (e.g., Goforth et al., 2021)”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 8. Limitations and future research
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Goforth et al., 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Authors two and three coded data, and they began their analysis by independently reviewing the transcripts to identify the emergent themes as reported by the participants”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.2. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These realities do not pause when students enter the supervision space, as they may become more acutely relevant.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.6. Responses to state surveillance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the entire codebook was audited by the fourth author”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.2. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Her comments reflect the diversity in how trainees perceive climate across programs, where institutional trust may be lacking, but personal connections sometimes offer safety.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.2. Influence on perceptions of program climate
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that effective supervision is not solely clinically beneficial, as supervision can be politically transformative when entities intentionally consider systematic redesign and display the courage to break from traditions that were not created with individuals holding minoritized identities in mind.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.2. Supervision as a site for liberation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Despite increasing scholarly attention to microaggressions in supervision and the need for culturally responsive training environments, the current literature has primarily centered supervisor perspectives, quantitative survey methods, or decontextualized incidents of bias (Constantine & Sue, 2007;Malone & Ishmail, 2020;Noltemeyer et al., 2013).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While these relationships were protective, they are not a substitute for structural change.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.3. Institutional nature of repair
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These experiences reveal the routine and varied forms of harm participants faced in supervision, many of which were disclosed with significant risk, and often met with invalidation or avoidance by those in power.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.1. Types of Microaggressive experiences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Malone (2025) argues that school psychology must embrace antioppressive and liberatory approaches to fulfill its ethical obligations and meet the needs of all students and trainees.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.2. Supervision as a site for liberation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Malone (2025)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These policies, fueled by xenophobia and white supremacy, are not separate from the psychological development of racially and ethnically minoritized graduate trainees, especially those who are immigrants themselves, from mixed-status families, or serving clients who live under the threat of state surveillance and violence.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.6. Responses to state surveillance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Managing these transgressions in the moment can already be challenging, and Sue et al. (2007) suggests that the catch-22 of navigating next steps is equally stressful, as receivers must choose between internalizing the experience, seeking support, or addressing it head on.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sue et al. (2007) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These decisions are not neutral-they are political, and programs choose to uphold harmful systems or protect trainees holding minoritized identities.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.5. Protecting whiteness cannot be the default
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“authors two and three revisited coded transcripts to ensure that the developing themes adequately represented participants' experiences before confirming that the final themes were grounded in the evidence”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.3. Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experiences shared by our participants lay bare the emotional labor, racialized harm, and institutional failures embedded within supervision for minoritized graduate students in school, clinical, and counseling psychology graduate training programs.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 10. Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This strategy, in addition to snowball sampling, was the only method used to recruit participants.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.2. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coders engaged in peer debriefing to examine assumptions and enhance consistency”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.3. Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, many of these mechanisms are not designed to address microaggressions or patterns of racialized marginalization that fall short of legal thresholds, nor do they routinely incorporate restorative or transformative practices that center harmed individuals.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The flier indicated that we were recruiting trainees in graduate programs in school, clinical, and counseling psychology (master's and doctoral-level) who held racially minoritized identities and who had disclosed experiences with microaggressions during at least one clinical or administrative supervision session during their training.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.2. Procedure
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These discriminatory occurrences in supervision are not surprising, as they reflect the broader context of U.S. society.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Our findings strongly align with prior research affirming that microaggressions are frequent, normalized, and harmful in educational and clinical training environments, particularly within supervisory relationships”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, decision-making power is typically held by individuals structurally positioned to protect an institution's reputation (e.g., senior administrators), which can result in a narrow interpretation of evidence, informal minimization of racialized harm, or outcomes that prioritize liability management over repair.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These frameworks help reimagine supervision not simply as a clinical or educational tool, but as a liberatory site where relationships rooted in trust, powersharing, and mutual accountability can flourish.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.2. Supervision as a site for liberation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Malone (2025)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Neville et al. (2021) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Speaking honestly means challenging the institution, and remaining silent means absorbing and normalizing that harm.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that institutions cannot rely on”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.3. Institutional nature of repair
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Silence around structural violence, whether it be related to ICE raids, book bans, anti-Black policing, or anti-trans legislation, speaks to the limits of safety that trainees must navigate.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.6. Responses to state surveillance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we maintained an audit trail documenting coding decisions and analytic reflections throughout the process”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.3. Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, CRT informed our interpretation of findings, leading us to conceptualize supervisors' and institutions' responses not simply as individual successes or failures, but as manifestations of broader structures that either reproduce or resist systemic racism within graduate training.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 4. The current study
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we were aware of our biases and were intentional in examining how they might shape our approach to the research process to ensure that participant voices were at the forefront.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 4.1. Positionality and assumptions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data were collected prior to the recent wave of mass deportations, the reinstatement of harsh immigration enforcement tactics, and widespread anti-immigrant rhetoric across the U.S.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.6. Responses to state surveillance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scholars of CRT position such knowledge as valid and necessary, yet supervisory and institutional narratives often dismiss, sanitize, or render it unspeakable.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 4. The current study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Racially minoritized trainees' experiential knowledge about racism and intersecting oppressions is valid and necessary.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The age of our sample was likely influenced by our recruitment tactics (i.e., social media and snowball sampling).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 8. Limitations and future research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, when reflecting on their experiences with microaggressions, they spoke to transgressions enacted by white faculty/supervisors, whereas their disclosures may have been relevant to interactions with faculty holding diverse racial identities.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.1. Participants
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they updated these interview segments in MAXQDA until 100% inter-coder agreement was met for each interview transcript.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.2. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Racially minoritized trainees' experiential knowledge about racism and intersecting oppressions is valid and necessary.
“Scholars of CRT position such knowledge as valid and necessary, yet supervisory and institutional narratives often dismiss, sanitize, or render it unspeakable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' self-reported microaggressive experiences and disclosures accurately reflect their experiences.
“We recruited trainees enrolled in school, clinical, counseling, or blended psychology graduate programs who held racially minoritized identities and had disclosed microaggressive experiences during supervision.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The institutional mechanisms described (e.g., grievance procedures, Title IX, ombuds offices, bias incident reporting systems) are the relevant mechanisms in participants' training programs.
“Graduate programs can formally rely on a small set of institutional mechanisms intended to address harm such as program-level grievance procedures, university-wide, non-discrimination and harassment policies, Title IX and equal opportunity offices, ombuds offices, and increasingly, bias incident reporting systems or diversity councils.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Supervision is intended as a space for growth, mentorship, and professional development.
“supervision, intended as a space for growth, mentorship, and professional development”
The paper relies on this without support.
Systems are meant to be self-sustaining, so when harm occurs, the default is not the protection of individual actors; rather, the system protects itself.
“Systems are meant to be self-sustaining, so when harm occurs, the default is not the protection of individual actors; rather, the system protects itself.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The demands of graduate school combined with the current sociopolitical climate that targets minoritized students and higher education broadly already act as stressors that may threaten trainees' ability to persist.
“The demands of graduate school combined with the current sociopolitical climate that targets minoritized students and higher education broadly already act as stressors that may threaten trainees' ability to persist.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Professional organizations and graduate programs expressed commitment to culturally responsive service provision after George Floyd's murder.
“In the wake of George Floyd's murder, professional organizations and graduate programs expressed commitment to culturally responsive service provision.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many organizations have already backtracked on commitments to culturally responsive service provision given reservations in response to threats to funding from the federal government.
“However, many organizations have already backtracked given reservations in response to threats to funding from the federal government.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Supervisors participate in the reproduction or disruption of systemic power.
“Supervisors are not simply guiding clinical skill development; they are participating in the reproduction or disruption of systemic power.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.1. Participants
“Most participants were women (n = 8), with one of these participants also identifying as nonbinary, and the one other participant identifying as a man.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 10. Conclusion
“| Teresa | 26 | Black American | Trans & Nonbinary | Queer | Counseling MA | Withdrew | Partially Deaf |”
Citations
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa · Cited by 194,414
Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice.
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.4.271 · Cited by 5,569
Critical Race Methodology: Counter-Storytelling as an Analytical Framework for Education Research
Solórzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2002) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/107780040200800103 · Cited by 4,257
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616659391 · Cited by 500
The impact of racial microaggressions on mental health: Counseling implications for clients of color
Nadal, K. L., Griffin, K. E., Wong, Y., Hamit, S., & Rasmus, M. (2014) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00130.x · Cited by 360
A Critical Race Counterstory of Race, Racism, and Affirmative Action
Solórzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2002) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/713845284 · Cited by 360
Racial microaggressions as a tool for critical race research
Pérez Huber, L., & Solorzano, D. G. (2015) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2014.994173 · Cited by 348
Understanding trust as an essential element of trainee supervision and learning in the workplace
Hauer, K. E., ten Cate, O., Boscardin, C., Irby, D. M., Iobst, W. F., & O’Sullivan, P. (2013) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-013-9474-4 · Cited by 323
Whitbeck, L. B., McMorris, B. J., Hoyt, D. R., Stubben, J. D., & LaFromboise, T. (2002) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/3090234 · Cited by 189
Enablers and barriers to effective clinical supervision in the workplace: A rapid evidence review
Rothwell, C., Kehoe, A., Farook, S. F., & Illing, J. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052929 · Cited by 186
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- American Psychological Association, 2024, Journal article reporting standards for qualitative research (JARS–Qual)
- Crenshaw, 1989, Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics, University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989, 139
- Datar, 2023, Challenges LGBTQIA+ authors faced and notable achievements and awards in LGBTQIA+ literature, International Journal of Law Management and Humanities, 6, 260
- Goforth, 2021, Status of school psychology in 2020: Part 1, demographics of the NASP membership survey, NASP Research Reports, 5
- Nadal, 2011, Microaggressions and the multiracial experience, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1, 36
Cited by
Still being checked.
Metadata
- Authors
- Concepción Cabán, L. D., Goins, R. E., Osman, F. A., Banks, B. M., Jackson, T. M., Flint, A. N., Hynes, K., & Peterson, K. R.
- Affiliations
- Illinois State University (US)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- University of Northern Colorado (US)
- Venue
- Journal of School Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2026-10
- Volume
- 118
- Pages
- 101593
- ISSN
- 0022-4405 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W7213970964
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 29
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of School Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ISU Red - Research and eData (Illinois State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- microaggressions, disclosure, graduate education, school psychology training, clinical psychology training, counseling psychology training, critical race theory, counter-storytelling, emotional functioning, cultural humility, supervision, institutional accountability, whiteness, racism, student well-being
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A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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