Gender and the labor market: What have we learned from field and lab experiments?
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Workplaces and labor markets are fraught with biases, imbalances, and patterns of discrimination against vulnerable groups, including women, ethnic minorities, and people with disabilities.
“Workplaces and labor markets are fraught with biases, imbalances, and patterns of discrimination against vulnerable groups, including women, ethnic minorities, and people with disabilities [15, 23, 215].”
From Fairness and Bias in Algorithmic Hiring: A Multidisciplinary Survey (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
Cites
Do Women Shy Away From Competition? Do Men Compete Too Much?
Niederle, M., & Vesterlund, L. (2007) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/qjec.122.3.1067 · Cited by 3,186 · see citing works
The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education, and Family
Goldin, C. (2006) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282806777212350 · Cited by 1,831 · see citing works
Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias? <sup>*</sup>
Beaman, L., Chattopadhyay, R., Duflo, E., Pande, R., & Topalova, P. (2009) · Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/qjec.2009.124.4.1497 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
Gender and Competition at a Young Age
Gneezy, U., & Rustichini, A. (2004) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/0002828041301821 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Small, D. A., Gelfand, M., Babcock, L., & Gettman, H. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.600 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Boyce, C. J., Wood, A. M., Banks, J., Clark, A. E., & Brown, G. D. A. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613496436 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gender Gaps and the Rise of the Service Economy
Ngai, L. R., & Petrongolo, B. (2017) · American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics · doi:10.1257/mac.20150253 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“We thus replace production of services (10) by”
Self-citationThe Gender Gap in Self-Promotion
Exley, C. L., & Kessler, J. B. (2022) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjac003 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Children and the Remaining Gender Gaps in the Labor Market
Patricia Cortés, Y., & Pan, J. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27980 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Menstrual Cycle and Performance Feedback Alter Gender Differences in Competitive Choices
Wozniak, D., Harbaugh, W. T., & Mayr, U. (2013) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/673324 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Gender gaps and the structure of local labor markets
Petrongolo, B., & Ronchi, M. (2020) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101819 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“…towards risk, competition and negotiation, which may interfere with labor market success whenever financially rewarding careers develop in highly-competitive environments, characterized by volatile earnings (see Croson and Gneezy, 2009, Bertrand, 2011, and Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014, for surveys).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBending the Pipeline? Executive Search and Gender Inequality in Hiring for Top Management Jobs
Fernandez-Mateo, I., & Fernandez, R. (2016) · Management Sciences · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2015.2315 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“For example, employer audit studies—in which researchers submit fictitious resumes for well-matched candidates of different genders—often find evidence of gender-biased screening in hiring (Azmat and Petrongolo 2014).”
BackgroundBrands, R. A., & Fernandez‐Mateo, I. (2016) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001839216682728 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“…field research establishes that women face promotion barriers in organizations (Cohen, Broschak, and Haveman, 1998; Barnett, Baron, and Stuart, 2000) and are often disadvantaged in external hiring processes (Petersen and Saporta, 2004; Fernandez-Mateo and King, 2011; Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014).”
BackgroundCortés, P., & Pan, J. (2017) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190628963.013.12 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Knowing When to Ask: The Cost of Leaning In
Exley, C., Niederle, M., & Vesterlund, L. (2020) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/704616 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The Gender Gap in Self-Promotion
Exley, C., & Kessler, J. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26345 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Economic Gains From Gender Inclusion; New Mechanisms, New Evidence
Ostry, J., Alvarez, J., Espinoza, R. A., & Papageorgiou, C. (2018) · IMF staff discussion note · doi:10.5089/9781484337127.006 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Becker, G. S. 1957.”
BackgroundInfluentialFairness and Bias in Algorithmic Hiring: A Multidisciplinary Survey
Fabris, A., Baranowska, N., Dennis, M. J., Graus, D., Hacker, P., Saldivar, J., Zuiderveen Borgesius, F., & Biega, A. J. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/3696457 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The Role of Beliefs in Driving Gender Discrimination
Coffman, K., Exley, C., & Niederle, M. (2017) · Management Sciences · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2020.3660 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Gender Sorting and the Glass Ceiling in High Tech
Fernandez, R. M., & Campero, S. (2012) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.1177/0019793916668875 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Knowledge-Based Hierarchies: Using Organizations to Understand the Economy
Garicano, L., & Rossi‐Hansberg, E. (2015) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115748 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Do Employer Preferences Contribute to Sticky Floors?
Baert, S., de Pauw, A., & Deschacht, N. (2014) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.1177/0019793915625213 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“In their survey of experimental advances in the study of gender differentials in the labor market, Azmat and Petrongolo (2014) formulated two important drawbacks of using observational data to measure gender discrimination.”
BackgroundDi Stasio, V., & Larsen, E. N. (2020) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272520902994 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Gender discrimination in hiring across occupations: a nationally-representative vignette study
Kübler, D. F., Schmid, J. C., & Stüber, R. (2018) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.10.002 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Gender Homophily in Referral Networks: Consequences for the Medicare Physician Earnings Gap
Zeltzer, D. (2020) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20180201 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Persistent gender earnings gaps have attracted particular attention in research and policy debates, and many channels for explaining them have been proposed (for surveys see Blau and Kahn, 2017; Niederle and Vesterlund, 2007; Bertrand, 2011; Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014).”
Monitoring hiring discrimination through online recruitment platforms
Hangartner, D., Kopp, D., & Siegenthaler, M. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03136-0 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Artz, B., Goodall, A. H., & Oswald, A. J. (2018) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.1111/irel.12214 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“1 For statements of the latest evidence, see Azmat and Petrongolo (2014) and Blau and Kahn (2017).”
BackgroundWhy and how should SHE make her way into the family business boardroom?
Samara, G., Jamali, D., & Lapeira, M. (2019) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.09.001 · Cited by 80
“Despite the many examples of successful and long-enduring family businesses that are progressively encouraging the active presence of women on their boards, corporate boards continue to be heavily dominated by men (Adams & Funk 2012; Azmat & Petrongolo 2014).”
BackgroundAttanasio, O., & Kaufmann, K. (2017) · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2017.05.002 · Cited by 79
Finseraas, H., Johnsen, Å. A., Kotsadam, A., & Torsvik, G. (2016) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.11.010 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“An understanding of how to decrease discrimination and changing norms is argued to be lacking in the literature (Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGalos, D. R., & Coppock, A. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ade7979 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Job Search and the Earnings Gap: Evidence from the Field and Lab
Patricia Cortés, Y., Pan, J., Pilossoph, L., Reuben, E., & Zafar, B. (2023) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjad017 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
When fear backfires: Emergency department accesses during the Covid-19 pandemic
Garrafa, E., Levaggi, R., Miniaci, R., & Paolillo, C. (2020) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.10.006 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Hipp, L. (2018) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.31235/osf.io/4a68p · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Evolution of Gender Gaps in Industrialized Countries
Olivetti, C., & Petrongolo, B. (2016) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115329 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“ing and utilities; (3) Manufacturing; (4) Construction; (5) Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants; (6) Transport and storage; (7) Financial intermediation; (8) Business activities and real estate; (9) Public administration and defence; (10) Education; (11) Health and social work; (12) Other community, soc…”
Self-citationJames Andreoni, A., Girolamo, A. D., List, J. A., Mackevicius, C. L., & Samek, A. S. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25723 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gender-Based Occupational Choices and Family Responsibilities: The Gender Wage Gap in Italy
Cutillo, A., & Centra, M. (2017) · doi:10.1080/13545701.2017.1285041 · Cited by 57
When are women willing to lead? The effect of team gender composition and gendered tasks
Chen, J., & Houser, D. E. (2019) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101340 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“This Gig Is Not for Women”: Gender Stereotyping in Online Hiring
Galperin, H. (2019) · Social science computer review · doi:10.1177/0894439319895757 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Audit and correspondence studies also suffer from various weaknesses (Azmat & Petrongolo, 2014).”
The Motherhood Wage Penalty and Female Entrepreneurship
Yang, T., Kacperczyk, A., & Naldi, L. (2023) · Organization science (Providence, R.I.) · doi:10.1287/orsc.2023.1657 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Paola, M. D., Ponzo, M., & Scoppa, V. (2017) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/gpx023 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
What Firms Do: Gender Inequality in Linked Employer-Employee Data
Casarico, A., & Lattanzio, S. (2019) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/723177 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Recent explanations of the persistent gap in pay focus on the role of social norms and differences in psychological traits (Bertrand, 2011; Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014), and how these affect labour market outcomes of men and women.”
BackgroundPalacios-Huerta, I. (2025) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4665889 · Cited by 41
Melchior, C., Zanini, R., Guerra, R., & Rockenbach, D. A. (2020) · doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2020.09.010 · Cited by 41
The gender gap in employment and wages
Petrongolo, B. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0558-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationOpening the Farm Gate to Women? The Gender Gap in U.S. Agriculture
Fremstad, A., & Paul, M. (2020) · Journal of Economic Issues · doi:10.1080/00213624.2020.1720569 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mother's social status is associated with child health in a horticulturalist population
Alami, S., von Rueden, C. V., Seabright, E., Kraft, T., Blackwell, A. D., Stieglitz, J., Kaplan, H., & Gurven, M. (2020) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2783 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gender Composition of Labor Queues and Gender Disparities in Hiring
Campero, S., & Fernandez, R. M. (2018) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soy097 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Women ask for less (only from men): Evidence from bargaining in the field
Hernandez-Arenaz, I., & Iriberri, N. (2018) · Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2018.06.010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Gender Wage Gap Among College Graduates in Italy
Piazzalunga, D. (2018) · Italian Economic Journal · doi:10.1007/s40797-017-0069-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Recently, additional explanations have been explored, focusing on the impact of gender differences in “soft” skills (Bertrand 2011; Azmat and Petrongolo 2014): (i) risk aversion; (ii) attitude towards competition; (iii) propensity to bargaining; (iv) personality traits and non-cognitive skills,…”
Bryson, A., & Forth, J. (2015) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198786160.003.0006 · Cited by 35
Who Works for Whom and the UK Gender Pay Gap
Jewell, S., Razzu, G., & Singleton, C. (2018) · British Journal of Industrial Relations · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3137330 · Cited by 34
“More recent work has looked to worker preferences and psychological attributes for explanations, due to their impacts on productivity, choices and beliefs (see for reviews Croson and Gneezy, 2009; Bertrand, 2011; Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014).”
Reassessing Gender Differences in COVID‐19 Risk Perception and Behavior
Ferrín, M. (2022) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.13116 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Examples of this can be found in the economic sphere (Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014), the political sphere (Kanthak and Woon, 2015; Preece and Stoddard, 2015; Schneider et al., 2016), and the public sphere more generally (Larkin and Pines, 2003).”
BackgroundRacial bias in sport medical staff’s perceptions of others’ pain
Druckman, J., Trawalter, S., Montes, I., Fredendall, A., Kanter, N., & Rubenstein, A. P. (2018) · Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2017.1409188 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Breaking Gender Barriers: Experimental Evidence on Men in Pink-Collar Jobs
Delfino, A. (2024) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3780449 · Cited by 31
Gender Differences in Negotiation: Evidence from Real Estate Transactions
Andersen, S., Marx, J., Nielsen, K., & Vesterlund, L. (2020) · Economic Journal · doi:10.3386/w27318 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“(2001; 2002), Babcock et al. (2003), Bowles et al. (2005; 2007), Small et al. (2007), Bowles and McGinn (2008), Eckel et al. (2008), Eriksson and Sandberg (2012), Bowles (2013), Bowles and Babcock (2013), Leibbrandt and List (2015), Bohnet (2016), Busse et al.”
The Early Impact of COVID-19 on Local Commerce: Changes in Spend Across Neighborhoods and Online
Relihan, L. E., Ward, M., Wheat, C., & Farrell, D. (2020) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3647298 · Cited by 30
Differential Performance in High Versus Low Stakes Tests: Evidence from the Gre Test*
Schlosser, A., Neeman, Z., & Attali, Y. (2019) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/uez015 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Women in Top Incomes: Evidence from Sweden 1974–2013
Boschini, A., Gunnarsson, K., & Roine, J. (2017) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3029851 · Cited by 30
“In relation to previous work our study bridges two literatures; that on top incomes and the vast literature on gender inequality and its many facets (see e.g. Bertrand, 2011; Ponthieux and Meurs, 2015; Blau and Kahn, 2017; and Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014, for excellent overviews).”
Profeta, P. A. (2020) · Gender Equality and Public Policy · doi:10.1017/9781108525886.003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gender-Based Employment Segregation
Das, S., Kotikula, A., & Carranza, E. (2019) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/31510 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Women’s aversion for competition-based pay (Heinz, Normann and Rau, 2016; Datta Gupta, Poulsen and Villeval, 2013; Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014) and making ethical compromises (Kennedy and Kray, 2014) may also inhibit their interest in line roles or ability to climb the corporate ladder.”
BackgroundPreferences for work arrangements: A discrete choice experiment
Valet, P., Sauer, C., & Tolsma, J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254483 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“There is ample evidence of gender homophily, suggesting that women prefer working with other women and men prefer working with other men [59, 60].”
BackgroundKrekel, C., Swanke, S., Neve, J. D., & Fancourt, D. (2020) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.31234/osf.io/65df4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Gender and Leadership in Organisations: the Threat of Backlash
Chakraborty, P., & Serra, D. (2023) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/uead110 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“For a review of the literature, see Riach and Rich (2006), Azmat and Petrongolo (2014) and Bertrand and Duflo (2017).”
The Gender Gap in Top Jobs the Role of Overconfidence
Adamecz-Volgyi, A., & Shure, D. (2022) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4114704 · Cited by 27
Do Women Shy Away from Public Speaking? A Field Experiment
Paola, M. D., Lombardo, R., Pupo, V., & Scoppa, V. (2020) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“A recent and growing literature is investigating the role of gender differences in a number of psychological traits (Bertrand, 2011; Croson and Gneezy, 2009; Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014; Niederle, 2015), which might be the result both of nature and nurture.”
BackgroundThe impact of the gender composition of company boards on firm performance
Soare, T.-M., Detilleux, C., & Deschacht, N. (2021) · doi:10.1108/ijppm-02-2020-0073 · Cited by 26
Gender discrimination in hiring: Intersectional effects with ethnicity and cognitive job demands.
Derous, E., & Pepermans, R. (2019) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000061 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Baert, S. (2015) · doi:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2015-25 · Cited by 26
“In this study, we occupied the research gap indicated by Azmat and Petrongolo (2014).”
InfluentialA short history of the gender wage gap in Britain
Bryson, A., Joshi, H., Wielgoszewska, B., & Wilkinson, D. (2020) · Oxford review of economic policy · doi:10.1093/oxrep/graa046 · Cited by 25
Lössbroek, J., & Radl, J. (2018) · Ageing & Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x1800079x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Ageing & Society 2173 Additionally, given persistent gender discrimination in other labour market processes (Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014), it is also plausible to expect to observe outright sexist discrimination in training measures that goes beyond any productivity concerns.”
BackgroundFlèche, S., Lepinteur, A., & Powdthavee, N. (2018) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.20181098 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…explanation, including the fact that women appear to gain less from negotiation or have lower preferences than men for risk and competition (see Gazmat and Petrongolo, 2014 for a summary).1 Another stream of research has emphasized long hours of work and inflexible working conditions as…”
BackgroundEthnic diversity and business performance: Which firms? Which cities?
Nathan, M. (2016) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x16660085 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Similarly, individual attributes and preferences can impact team performance in ways that are hard to untangle in real world scenarios (Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Equal Pay Laws on Firm Pay Premiums: Evidence from Chile
Cruz, G., & Rau, T. (2022) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102135 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mind the Job: The Role of Occupational Characteristics in Explaining Gender Discrimination
Cortina, C., Rodríguez, J., & González, M. (2021) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-021-02646-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gender, parenthood, and hiring intentions in sex-typical jobs: Insights from a survey experiment
Mari, G., & Luijkx, R. (2020) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2019.100464 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gender Quotas in Hiring Committees: A Boon or a Bane for Women?
Deschamps, P. (2018) · Management Sciences · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2022.01637 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gender Wage Gap in Online Gig Economy and Gender Differences in Job Preferences
Liang, C., Hong, Y., Gu, B., & Peng, J. (2018) · International Conference on Interaction Sciences · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3266249 · Cited by 22
Female leadership: Effectiveness and perception
Paola, M. D., Gioia, F., & Scoppa, V. (2022) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.07.016 · Cited by 21
Transgender employment and gender marker laws
Mann, S. (2021) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102072 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Job Search and the Earnings Gap: Evidence from Business Majors
Cortés, P., Pan, J., Pilossoph, L., & Zafar, B. (2021) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.3386/w28820 · Cited by 21
Gender Equality and Public Policy
Profeta, P. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108525886 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Gender Quotas or Girls’ Networks? Evidence from an Italian Research Selection
Checchi, D., Cicognani, S., & Kulic, N. (2019) · Work, Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/0950017018813071 · Cited by 21
“…to apply for research positions: performance and achievements in previous stages of the career (Wolfinger et al., 2009); the burden of childrearing and a quest for balance between work and family (Shen, 2013); the level of risk aversion, confidence and competitiveness (Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014).”
BackgroundGender differences in wage expectations and negotiation
Kiessling, L., Pinger, P., Seegers, P., & Bergerhoff, J. (2024) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102505 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Men are from Mars, and Women Too: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Overconfidence ExperimentsPreprint
Bandiera, O., Parekh, N., Petrongolo, B., & Rao, M. (2022) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4009415 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Several lab, and more recently field, experiments (surveyed, among others, by Croson and Gneezy 2009, Bertrand 2018, 2011, Azmat and Petrongolo 2014) have investigated gender differences in personality traits.”
BackgroundSelf-citationGender diversity on corporate boards: Evaluating the effectiveness of shareholder activism
Rastad, M., & Dobson, J. (2020) · Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.qref.2020.09.007 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Globalization in Lifelong Gender Inclusive Education for Structural Transformation in Africa
Asongu, S., BouanzaPeter, J. R. F. K., & Agyemang-Mintah (2024) · Economic Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ecosys.2024.101218 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gender differences in the effect of subjective feedback in an online game
Lovász, A., Cukrowska‐Torzewska, E., Rigó, M., & Szabó‐Morvai, Á. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2022.101854 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gender preference gaps and voting for redistribution
Ranehill, E., & Weber, R. A. (2022) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-021-09741-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Gender differences in reaction to psychological pressure: evidence from tennis players
Paola, M. D., & Scoppa, V. (2017) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2017.1307178 · Cited by 19
“Females are more averse to risk and are less competitive, have a lower degree of self-confidence and suffer more from receiving negative feedbacks (Azmat & Petrongolo, 2014; Bertrand, 2011; Croson & Gneezy, 2009; De Paola, Ponzo and Scoppa, in press; Niederle & Vesterlund, 2011).”
BackgroundThe Parenthood Penalty in Mental Health: Evidence from Austria and DenmarkPreprint
Ahammer, A., Glogowsky, U., Halla, M., & Hener, T. (2023) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4580836 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Paola, M. D., Ponzo, M., & Scoppa, V. (2015) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2575039 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Carriero, R., Coda-Zabetta, M., Geuna, A., & Tomatis, F. (2023) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-023-01068-y · Cited by 17
“Some studies argue that women’s under-representation in scientific research jobs is due to gender differences in certain individual traits such as risk appetite, self-confidence and competitiveness (Azmat & Petrongolo, 2014).”
Gender, beliefs, and coordination with externalities
Cason, T. N., Gangadharan, L., & Grossman, P. J. (2022) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104744 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In spite of this clear policy movement toward gender diversity on committees and other decision-making groups, very little rigorous and causal evidence exists on the relationship between gender composition and group decisions (Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014).”
BackgroundThe evolution of gender gaps in numeracy and literacy between childhood and adulthood
Borgonovi, F., Choi, Á., & Paccagnella, M. (2018) · OECD Education Working Papers · doi:10.1787/0ff7ae72-en · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the existence of gender discrimination in hiring processes has been consistently reported in a number of countries, even in experimental environments (Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014[41]).”
BackgroundThe intergenerational transfer of the employment gender gap
Haaland, V. F., Rege, M. S., Telle, K. E., & Votruba, M. E. (2018) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.04.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gender wage gaps in Ghana: a comparison across different selection models
Opoku, K., & Boahen, E. (2023) · SN Business & Economics · doi:10.1007/s43546-023-00502-8 · Cited by 16
“…differences in attitudes toward risk, competition, and negotiation, which are important elements for one to choose very lucrative ventures that are usually characterized by volatile earnings (see, inter alia, Croson and Gnezy 2009; Bertrand 2011; Azmat and Petrongolo 2014; Blau and Kahn 2017).”
BackgroundGender differences in bargaining with asymmetric information
Malik, S., Mihm, B., Mihm, M., & Timme, F. (2021) · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2021.102415 · Cited by 16
Measuring and decomposing the gender pay gap: A new frontier approach
Amado, C., Santos, S., & José, J. M. S. S. (2018) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2018.05.023 · Cited by 16
“In conclusion, as suggested by Azmat and Petrongolo (2014), further research is needed to understand the complex relationships involved in shaping gender differences in the labour market and in estimating the part of gender pay gap that represents discrimination.”
BackgroundGender differences in competitiveness
Böheim, R., Grübl, D., & Lackner, M. (2016) · IZA World of Labor · doi:10.15185/izawol.236 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Fairness and Bias in Algorithmic Hiring
Fabris, A., Baranowska, N., Dennis, M., Hacker, P., Saldivar, J., Borgesius, F. Z., & Biega, A. J. (2023) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2309.13933 · Cited by 16
“Workplaces and labor markets are fraught with biases, imbalances, and patterns of discrimination against vulnerable groups, including women, ethnic minorities, and people with disabilities [15, 22, 205].”
BackgroundGender differences in alternating-offer bargaining: an experimental study
Hernandez-Arenaz, I., & Iriberri, N. (2023) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-023-09796-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“If women are less likely to negotiate starting salaries and to ask for pay increases, and/or if women obtain worse deals when negotiating, this would clearly go some way towards explaining the gender wage gap (Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014; Card et al., 2016; Sin et al., 2020). The stereotypical behavior in most real lif…”
InfluentialThe gender gap in wages over the life course: Evidence from a British cohort born in 1958
Joshi, H., Bryson, A., Wilkinson, D., & Ward, K. (2019) · Gender, Work & Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12580 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…or not, against women in their hiring and promotion practices (Mullany and Yoong 2019), and evidence from legal cases, as well as some experimental studies, that employers discriminate against women in pay setting for jobs of equal value (Azmat and Petrongolo (2014) review the literature).”
Do Gender Preference Gaps Impact Policy Outcomes?Preprint
Ranehill, E., & Weber, R. A. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3071682 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gender Economics: Dead-Ends and New Opportunities
Lundberg, S. J. (2022) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4114792 · Cited by 15
“There are now a large number of micro-studies, generally focusing on hiring or assessment outcomes in particular markets or occupations (Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014).”
BackgroundGee, L. K. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2612979 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“However, a more recent stream of laboratory produced research has found that women tend to be more ambiguity/risk averse than men, and that women dislike competition more than men do (Azmat and Petrongolo, 2014; Bertrand, 2011; Croson and Gneezy, 2009; Eckel and Grossman, 2008).”
- Authors
- Azmat, G., & Petrongolo, B.
- Affiliations
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Azmat, Ghazala
- ORCID
- Azmat, Ghazala
- Venue
- Labour Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 30
- Pages
- 32-40
- ISSN
- 0927-5371 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2119077729
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 41.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Labour Economics (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/H02123X/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- gender differences, labor market outcomes, gender discrimination, hiring discrimination, field experiments, laboratory experiments, gender preference, negotiation, risk preferences, social cues, group decision making, nature versus nurture, women in the workplace
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
