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An old method facing a new challenge: Re-visiting housekeeping proteins as internal reference control for neuroscience research
Open accessAbstract
Study of specific target protein expression is often performed by western blotting, a commonly used method to measure the protein expression in neuroscience research by specific antibodies. Housekeeping proteins are used as an internal control for protein loading as well as reference in the western blotting analysis. This practice is based on the belief that such housekeeping genes are considered to be ubiquitously and constitutively expressed in every tissue and produce the minimal essential transcripts necessary for normal cellular function. The most commonly used housekeeping proteins are β-actin, β-tubulin, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). However, recent studies have shown significant variation in some housekeeping genes both at the mRNA and protein levels in various neuropathological events, such as spinal cord injury and Alzheimer's diseases. Changes of housekeeping genes are also induced by non-neuronal diseases in various tissues. Therefore, these discoveries raise a potential concern regarding whether using a housekeeping protein as an internal standard for target protein analysis is an appropriate practice. This mini review will focus on (I) the effects of neuronal and non-neuronal diseases, experimental condition, and tissues-specific roles on alteration of housekeeping genes, and (II) alternative internal standards for gene and protein expression analysis.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Li, R., & Shen, Y.
- Affiliations
- Roskamp Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Rena
- ORCID
- Venue
- Life Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 747-751
- ISSN
- 0024-3205 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3614345
- OpenAlex
- W2016751415
- Semantic Scholar
- fc8263e15b99660ac08ebfffcd99a11bb0edf289
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 1.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Life Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Association (IIRG-07-59510, IIRG-09-61521)
- American Health Assistance Foundation (G2006-118)
- National Institute of Health (R01AG032441-01, R01AG025888-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Advanced Proteomics Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Laboratory Technology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Keywords
- housekeeping proteins, Western blot, beta-actin, beta-tubulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, neuropathology, tissue-specific gene expression
- MeSH terms
- Actins, Animals, Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases, Humans, Models, Molecular, Neurons, Neurosciences, Proteins, Tubulin, Genes, Essential, Gene Expression Profiling
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