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Mutually stimulating interactions between lactic acid bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in sourdough fermentation
Open accessAbstract
Interactions between microorganisms are key to their performance in food habitats. Improved understanding of these interactions supports rational improvement of food fermentations. This study aimed at identifying interactions between lactic acid bacteria and yeast during sourdough fermentation. Therefore, the lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis were co-cultured with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a newly developed medium, as well as in situ in a sourdough-like environment. L. sanfranciscensis was found to be stimulated by a secreted factor of S. cerevisiae in any tested in vitro situation, whereas L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae stimulated each other only in the presence of glucose, fructose and lactose as carbon source, but not with galactose, maltose, sucrose and starch. Moreover, it was demonstrated that L. sanfranciscensis is stimulated by CO2 and another yet to be identified factor produced by yeast in a sourdough-like environment. In conclusion, S. cerevisiae produces growth factors stimulatory to lactic bacteria. The nature and the efficacy of these growth factors depend on the target species and on the supplied carbon source.
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Cites
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BackgroundInfluentialMicrobe-Microbe Interactions in Mixed Culture Food Fermentations
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“Typically, the composition of the microbial community in these products is stable (De Vuyst & Neysens, 2005; Sieuwerts et al., 2008a), which indicates that there are underlying mechanisms that prevent exclusion by competition.”
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“However, evidence for mutualistic interactions in dough that are not based on carbon source and amino acid exchange in sourdough is largely unavailable (De Vuyst et al., 2016).”
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“Yeast and lactic acid bacteria are known to co-exist and co-operate in fermented beverages and food products such as wine (Alexandre et al., 2004; Capozzi et al., 2012; Spano & Massa, 2006), kefir (Cheirsilp Shoji, Shimizu & Shioya, 2003), different types of cheese (Corsetti, Rossi, & Gobbetti,…”
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“Typically, the composition of the microbial community in these products is stable (De Vuyst & Neysens, 2005; Sieuwerts et al., 2008a), which indicates that there are underlying mechanisms that prevent exclusion by competition.”
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“substrate and the production of organic acids have been responsible for improved shelf-life of foods for millennia (Tamime, 2002), whereas positive interactions have been shown to promote desired product characteristics such as flavour formation in wine (Alexandre, Costello, Remize, Guzzo, & Guilloux-Benatier, 2004) a…”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lactic Acid Bacteria as Antimicrobial Agents: Food Safety and Microbial Food Spoilage Prevention
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The diversity and function of sourdough starter microbiomes
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“Whereas previous studies have focused on single pairs of interacting sourdough microbes (De Vuyst and Neysens, 2005; Gobbetti et al., 1994; Sieuwerts et al., 2018), we chose eight isolates: four LAB and four yeasts, representing the most frequent yeasts and bacteria in sourdough that also displayed strong positive and…”
BackgroundProbiotic and Potentially Probiotic Yeasts—Characteristics and Food Application
Staniszewski, A., & Kordowska‐Wiater, M. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10061306 · Cited by 185
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Viesser, J. A., Pereira, G. V. D. M., Neto, D. P. D. C., Rogez, H. L. G., Goés‐Neto, A., Azevedo, V., Brenig, B., Aburjaile, F. F., & Soccol, C. R. (2020) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.109015 · Cited by 92
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“During sourdough fermentation, LAB and yeast co-culture enhances each other’s growth; Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis is stimulated by non-protein factors and CO 2 produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae , while Saccharomyces cerevisiae thrives on acids produced by the LAB [84].”
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Fernández‐Peláez, J., Paesani, C., & Gómez, M. (2020) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy10121962 · Cited by 72
“cerevisiae may stimulate the growth of LAB by producing vitamins not contained in wheat flour such as B12, C, or D [100].”
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Li, K. J., Brouwer-Brolsma, E. M., Burton-Pimentel, K. J., Vergères, G., & Feskens, E. J. M. (2021) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12263-021-00686-4 · Cited by 64
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Sakandar, H. A., Hussain, R., Kubow, S. J., Sadiq, F. A., Huang, W., & Imran, M. (2019) · Journal of Food Processing and Preservation · doi:10.1111/jfpp.13883 · Cited by 72
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Martín-Garcia, A., Riu-Aumatell, M., & López‐Tamames, E. (2021) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2021.1906698 · Cited by 54
“).([11,54,55]) Regarding stimulating interactions, cross-feeding (Fig.”
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Exploring the Nutritional Impact of Sourdough Fermentation: Its Mechanisms and Functional Potential
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“In addition, L. sanfrancisco is stimulated by the CO 2 produced by the yeast in the dough (Sieuwerts, Bron, and Smid 2018).”
Multiple sugars promote microbial interactions in Chinese baijiu fermentation
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“sanfranciscensis, while this lactic acid bacterium produces lactic acid which is utilizable by yeast to grow [29,30].”
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“cerevisiae can grow on lactate produced by lactic acid bacteria, as already described in kefir (Sieuwerts et al., 2018), thus explaining its presence in the analyzed Gioddu samples.”
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Recent innovations in the production of selected specialty (non-traditional) beers
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“Studies have shown that yeast increases the amino acids in the mixed fermentation system to maintain LAB growth and metabolism [29].”
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“The determination of bacterial concentration was performed by measuring the optical density at 600 nm (OD600) as reported in (Sieuwerts et al., 2018; Dulf et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodde Melo, N. N., Carvalho-Estrada, P. D. A., Tavares, Q. G., Pereira, L. D. M., Delai Vigne, G. L., Camargo Rezende, D. M. L., & Schmidt, P. (2023) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy13010223 · Cited by 15
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“A well-known example is the nutritional mutualism of Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis and K. humilis (Sieuwerts et al., 2018).”
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“The sourdough has complex microbial composition and the interactions between microorganisms are key to their performance in food habitats (Liu et al. 2018; Sieuwerts et al. 2018).”
BackgroundLiu, W., Zhou, J., Tan, F., Yin, H., Yang, C., & Lu, K. (2021) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111093 · Cited by 14
Lin, J., Zhang, J., Zou, G., Zhang, X., Shāng, H., Ji, B., Bai, Y., Qu, L., & Wei, Y. (2024) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation10080429 · Cited by 14
“Lactic acid bacteria have the ability to hydrolyze lactose into galactose and glucose, with galactose serving as a novel carbon source for the growth of yeast [38].”
Loivamaa, I., Greis, M., Nikander, V., Edelmann, M., Pöysä, M., Varmanen, P., & Saris, P. E. J. (2024) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105807 · Cited by 13
Picoli, F., Marques, S. D. O., de Oliveira, A. D., Nunes, C. G., Serafini, S., Klein, B., de Oliveira, N. S., Neves, N., Zampar, A., Lopes, D. L. D. A., et al. (2022) · Aquaculture Research · doi:10.1111/are.15859 · Cited by 13
Zhao, W., Fan, X., Shi, Z., Sun, Y., Wu, Z. F., Zeng, X., Wang, W., Zhou, C., Xia, Q., Wang, Z., et al. (2024) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2024.104395 · Cited by 12
“Effect in pH, TA, and Lactic Acid Alterations in pH, total titratable acidity (TA), and lactic acid levels signify the metabolic activity of micro-organisms within the substrate and mirror their metabolic processes (Sieuwerts et al., 2018).”
BackgroundStudy of a First Approach to the Controlled Fermentation for Lambic Beer Production
Postigo, V., García, M., & Arroyo, T. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11071681 · Cited by 12
“The growth and metabolic rate of LAB may decrease, increase or remain unaffected in the presence of yeast, depending on several factors such as the matrix or the strains of microorganisms used [46].”
BackgroundBrewing a Craft Belgian-Style Pale Ale Using Pichia kudriavzevii 4A as a Starter Culture
Nieto-Sarabia, V. L., Melgar‐Lalanne, G., Ballinas-Cesatti, C. B., García-García, F. A., Jose-Salazar, J. A., Flores-Ortíz, C. M., Cristiani‐Urbina, E., & Morales-Barrera, L. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11040977 · Cited by 11
“, barley seeds) to be previously hydrolyzed into simple sugars [49].”
BackgroundWu, M., Wang, Q., Zhang, H., Pan, Z., Zeng, Q., Fang, W., Mao, J., Li, J., Wu, H., & Qiu, Z. (2023) · Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s00449-023-02903-3 · Cited by 11
“Many strategies have been proposed to enhance the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites lovastatin, including gene recombination [10], introducing exogenous nutrients [11], process optimization [12], and coculture technique [13].”
BackgroundRusso, P., Diez‐Ozaeta, I., Mangieri, N., Tamame, M., Spano, G., Dueñas, M. T., López, P., & Mohedano, M. L. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13010069 · Cited by 12
“This observation is not so obviously explained since different competition or positive mutualistic interactions between LAB and yeasts in sourdough fermentation have been reported [89].”
BackgroundDEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY AND ASSORTMENT OF LONG-LIFE RYE-WHEAT BAKERY PRODUCTS
Nevskaya, E. V., Бородулин, Д. М., Potekha, V. L., Nevskiy, A. A., Лобасенко, Б. А., & Shulbaeva, M. (2018) · Foods and raw materials · doi:10.21603/2308-4057-2018-1-99-109 · Cited by 11
Revalorization of Cava (Spanish Sparkling Wine) Lees on Sourdough Fermentation
Martín-Garcia, A., Riu-Aumatell, M., & López‐Tamames, E. (2022) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation8030133 · Cited by 11
Yu, Y., Wang, X., Wang, J., Tian, S., Liu, Y., Liang, W., Liang, J., & Zhang, G. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117729 · Cited by 10
Making yogurt with the ant holobiont uncovers bacteria, acids, and enzymes for food fermentation
Sinotte, V. M., Ramos-Viana, V., Vásquez, D. P., Sirakova, S. M., Valerón, N. R., Cuesta-Maté, A., Parkins, S. K. T., Giecko, J., Velasco, E. M., Zilber, D., et al. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113595 · Cited by 11
“64,79 In sourdough, yeast and lactic acid bacteria can secrete factors that promote one another’s growth, 80 and overall have complementary roles in the fermentation of sugars and protein derivatives.”
Liu, T., Shi, Y., Li, Y., Yi, H., Gong, P., Lin, K. F., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11152373 · Cited by 10
“In addition, though previous studies have investigated the metabolic interactions between yeast and LAB isolated from sourdough in terms of substrate utilization, they were mainly performed in defined media, scarcely in situ.”
BackgroundInfluentialWenkang, H., Hui, F., Hongyan, C., Jiamin, L., Rui, Z., Qin, C., & Zeng, X. (2024) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114117 · Cited by 10
Gómez-Galindo, M., Truchado, P., Volpi, M., Gravesen, A., Gil, M. I., & Allende, A. (2024) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2024.110549 · Cited by 10
Zheng, C., Hou, S., Zhou, Y., Yu, C., & Li, H. (2024) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-024-13091-9 · Cited by 9
“…usually co-cultured with other microorganisms (Yılmaz and Gökmen 2021; Soden et al. 2008), such as non-Saccharomyces yeast and lactic acid bacteria (Sieuwerts et al. 2018; Jin et al. 2021); meanwhile, and to improve the production efficiency, Acremonium cellulolyticus C-1 was co-cultured with S.…”
Wang, Q., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Yao, Y., Dong, B., & Zhao, G. (2025) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2025.106223 · Cited by 9
A snapshot study of the microbial community dynamics in naturally fermented cow’s milk
Xu, W., Li, C., Guo, Y., Zhang, Y., Ya, M., & Guo, L. (2021) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.2174 · Cited by 9
“Such limitation can be overcome by the study of distinct strains occurring in naturally fermented products (Carbonetto et al., 2020; Mendoza et al., 2010; Sieuwerts et al., 2018; Sudun et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelected fungal fermentation of Astragali Radix (Huangqi) alters its bioactive compound profile
Lin, J., Li, T. X., Yin, Y., & Wei, Y. (2024) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105781 · Cited by 8
Pradal, I., González-Alonso, V., Wardhana, Y. R., & Vuyst, L. D. (2025) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111278 · Cited by 8
Somalou, P., Ieronymaki, E., Feidaki, K., Prapa, I., Stylianopoulou, E., Spyridopoulou, K., Skavdis, G., Grigoriou, M. E., Panas, P., Argiriou, A., et al. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12020231 · Cited by 7
“The antimicrobial activity of probiotics against several healthcare-associated pathogens [10–12] has been linked to organic acids, bacteriocins, hydrogen peroxide, diacetyl, and other antimicrobial compounds [13–16].”
BackgroundGhadimi, D., Ebsen, M., Röcken, C., Fölster‐Holst, R., Groessner‐Schreiber, B., Dörfer, C. E., & Bockelmann, W. (2022) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530322666220408215101 · Cited by 8
Wang, Q., Lai, Y., Zhang, H., Li, J., Zeng, Q., Pan, Z., Wu, H., Wu, M., & Qiu, Z. (2023) · Biochemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bej.2023.109037 · Cited by 7
Zhang, J., Zhang, T., Chen, M., Bai, B., Yang, Y., Fan, S., & Bo, T. (2025) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2025.106851 · Cited by 7
Sanmartín, G., Prieto, J. A., Morard, M., Estruch, F., Blasco-García, J., & Rández‐Gil, F. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14101677 · Cited by 7
“A mature sourdough often harbors only one or two dominant microbial species [33–41] as a result of differences in their inherent ability to adapt to this specific environment and the existence of positive and negative interactions among species [54,55].”
Ngwenya, M. P., Nkambule, T. P., & Kidane, S. W. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21613 · Cited by 7
“Sieuwerts, Bron, & Smid [40], reported that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae stimulated each other only in the presence of glucose, fructose and lactose as carbon source.”
BackgroundEffect of temperature on the quality and microbial community during Daocai fermentation
Wang, X., Liu, X., Sun, C., Cheng, Y., Li, Z., Qiu, S., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Food Chemistry X · doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101827 · Cited by 6
“Recent studies have shown that certain yeasts interact with LAB to produce significant aromatic compounds (Sieuwerts et al., 2018).”
BackgroundHan, X., Ma, T., Wu, Y., Liu, Q., Marie-Colette, A. K., Mi, L., & Wang, J. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115814 · Cited by 6
Zhao, Y., Jiang, Y., Xin, W., Liang, M., Song, J., Wang, C., Chen, X., & Suo, H. (2025) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.14201 · Cited by 6
“12,13 In microbial communities, L. plantarum produces lactic acid and acetic acid through speci fi c metabolic pathways, thereby lowering the pH of the fermentation system and inhibiting the production of ammonia nitrogen.”
Chen, S., Zhang, F., Ananta, E., Muller, J. A., Liang, Y., Lee, Y. K., & Liu, S. (2024) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation10020075 · Cited by 6
“Another reason could be the lack of competition for nutrients between the yeast and the LAB due to underlying mechanisms that prevent exclusion [23], as they may utilize different sources of energy to build up the cell mass when co-cultured.”
Ananda, T. D., Srihardyastutie, A., Prasetyawan, S., & Safitri, A. (2019) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/546/6/062004 · Cited by 7
Bioprotective potential of lactic acid bacteria
Laslo, É., György, É., & András, C. D. (2020) · Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Alimentaria · doi:10.2478/ausal-2020-0007 · Cited by 6
Transfer of deoxynivalenol and fumonisins B1 and B2 from maize flour to maize/wheat-based bread
Vicens-Sans, A., Marı́n, S., Sanchís, V., Ramos, A. J., & Gahete, F. M. (2025) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111092 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Sieuwerts, S., Bron, P. A., & Smid, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Nederlands Instituut Voor Zuivel Oonderzoek (NL)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Smid, Eddy J.
- Venue
- LWT
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 90
- Pages
- 201-206
- ISSN
- 0023-6438 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2771907458
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 10.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- LWT (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Advanced Scientific Research Methods
- Keywords
- sourdough fermentation, lactic acid bacteria, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, microbial interactions, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, growth promotion, carbon source, carbon dioxide, co-culture
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