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Cited by 15Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAnimal Nutrition and PhysiologyMycotoxins in Agriculture and Food

The Effects of Short-Time Delayed Sealing on Fermentation, Aerobic Stability and Chemical Composition on Maize Silages

Open access
de Melo, Natália Nunes, Carvalho-Estrada, Paula de Almeida, Tavares, Queila Gouveia, Pereira, Lucelia de Moura, Delai Vigne, Gabriela Leticia, Camargo Rezende, Douglas Messias Lamounier, Schmidt, Patrick·2023·Agronomy
DOI 10.3390/agronomy13010223
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Abstract

Despite the efforts to improve the methodological standards of silage trials, many factors that can influence the results of lab-scale studies need to be better understood. This study aimed to determine the effects of short-time delayed sealing and inoculation with a blend of Lentilactobacillus buchneri and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on fermentation, aerobic stability, and chemical composition of silages. Whole-crop maize was treated with or without a commercial inoculant and ensiled (29.3% dry matter) for 55 days in 8.8 L PVC silos that were sealed immediately (up to 30 min delay) or after a delay (90, 150, or 210 min between chopping and sealing) with five replicates each. The increasing air exposure before sealing increased fermentation losses and reduced silage nutritional value. Crude protein and ash were significantly affected by inoculation, with control treatments showing higher ash and lower protein values. Lignin, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were only affected by the delay period. The longer the sealing delay, the higher the gas production, and the lower the starch values and lactic acid content observed in samples. Inoculation was inefficient in reducing total dry matter losses, but it increased aerobic stability, acetic acid, and ethanol contents of silages and reduced effluent loss. Control silages had higher total dry matter loss during the aerobic exposure than inoculated silages. The results confirmed that the delay periods tested were long enough to negatively interfere with the chemical composition of silages, especially the fibrous fraction content.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In lab-scale maize silages, delaying sealing by 90–210 min after chopping increased fermentation losses and reduced nutritional value, with longer delays increasing gas production and fiber fractions and lowering starch and lactic acid. Inoculation with *Lentilactobacillus buchneri* + *Lactiplantibacillus plantarum* did not reduce total DM losses but increased aerobic stability, acetic acid, and ethanol and reduced effluent loss.

Key findings

  • Increasing sealing delay (30, 90, 150, 210 min) increased NDF, ADF, lignin, gas production, and total DM losses, and decreased starch and lactic acid. Starch means were 21.76, 21.30, 19.83, and 17.22%; lactic acid means were 8.98, 8.76, 8.29, and 7.52%; gas production means were 5.71, 5.81, 5.78, and 6.25 L⁻¹ kg⁻¹ DM.
  • Inoculation affected CP and ash: control silages had lower CP and higher ash, while inoculated silages had higher CP and lower ash. Inoculated silages had higher acetic acid (2.49 vs. 1.59) and ethanol (0.55 vs. 0.28), and butyric acid was not detected.
  • Inoculation did not reduce total DM losses (TDML mean 4.09 vs. 2.71 for control) but reduced effluent loss (1.30 vs. 2.14) and increased aerobic stability: inoculated silages remained stable for 213 h, whereas control silages averaged 80.45 h and increased with delay (62.03, 80.35, 90.20, 89.13 h). Control silages had higher total DM loss during aerobic exposure (7.33 vs. 5.60%).
  • Microbial counts were not influenced by treatments; yeast counts decreased with inoculation but not significantly (p = 0.1049).

Methods

  • Completely randomized 4 × 2 factorial: four delay periods (30, 90, 150, 210 min between chopping and sealing) with or without commercial inoculant 11C33 (*L. buchneri* + *L. plantarum*), five replicates, 40 PVC silos (8.8 L). Whole-crop maize was harvested at 29.3% DM and ensiled for 55 days at ambient temperature (average 22.7 ± 1 °C).
  • Chemical composition was measured by NIRS; volatile fatty acids by HPLC; microbial counts by plate techniques; gas, effluent, and DM losses gravimetrically; aerobic stability by temperature every 5 min for nine days. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (MIXED, SAS) with Tukey’s test (p < 0.05) and PCA biplot.

Limitations

  • Stated by the authors: soluble nonprotein nitrogen was not measured; plate counts reflect viable colony-forming units at silo opening rather than microbial dynamics throughout ensiling; further work is encouraged with other silage types and microbial community analysis.
  • Evident from the text: the study is lab-scale, uses a single maize hybrid (P4285VYHR), a single commercial inoculant, one location/season, and delays up to 210 min; results may not directly translate to farm-scale silos or longer delays.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/agronomy13010223

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 80 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    For inoculated silages, higher total dry matter losses were obtained in the longest delay times.

    “For the inoculated silages, higher values of losses were obtained in the longest delay times (p < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The longer the sealing delay, the higher the gas production.

    “The longer the sealing delay, the higher the gas production, and the lower the starch values and lactic acid content observed in samples.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    T1A had the highest starch value among treatments.

    “Moreover, starch content was also influenced by inoculation, and T1A had the highest value for this variable (p < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Inoculation increased ethanol content of silages.

    “Inoculation was inefficient in reducing total dry matter losses, but it increased aerobic stability, acetic acid, and ethanol contents of silages and reduced effluent loss.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Dry matter content of silages decreased with increasing delay period.

    “The DM content of silages decreased with the increasing delay period, and this decrease was significantly lower in the inoculated treatments (p < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 47
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 19

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The highest gas production was recorded in the first 24 h, and this rate decreased until the eighth day.

    “The highest GProd was recorded in the first 24 h, and this rate decreased until the eighth day.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Inoculated silages presented average values of 0.9% less lactic acid than control silages, with no statistical difference.

    “The lactic acid content decreased with increasing delay sealing (p < 0.05), and the inoculated silages presented average values of 0.9% less of this acid when compared to the control silages, although no statistical difference was found (p = 0.0613).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Increasing air exposure before sealing increased fermentation losses and reduced silage nutritional value.

    “The increasing air exposure before sealing increased fermentation losses and reduced silage nutritional value.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Silages exhibited gas production for eight days after sealing, with a significant treatment effect.

    “The silages exhibited GProd for eight days after sealing and, although the volume of gas produced during fermentation was small, it had a significant treatment effect (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Inoculation and increasing delay sealing resulted in silages with increased gas loss.

    “Inoculation and increasing delay sealing resulted in silages with increased gloss (p < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Gravimetric estimates of gas loss were small but showed a significant interaction between delay period and inoculation.

    “Gravimetric estimates of GLoss were small but showed a significant effect for the interaction between the factors tested, delay period, and inoculation (p < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Control treatments showed higher ash and lower crude protein values than inoculated treatments.

    “Crude protein and ash were significantly affected by inoculation, with control treatments showing higher ash and lower protein values.”
    • Also stated in: § 3.1. Changes in pH and Chemical Composition of Silages · plain
      “CP and ash variables were significantly affected by inoculation (p < 0.05), with control treatments showing higher ash and lower CP values.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Control silages presented accumulated gas production of 5.70 L/kg DM, and inoculated silages 6.02 L/kg DM.

    “Control silages presented accumulated GProd of 5.70 L -1 kg -1 DM, and 6.02 L -1 kg -1 DM was observed for the inoculated silages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There was a decrease in yeast population with inoculation, but no statistical difference was found between treatments.

    “Although there was a decrease in the yeast population with inoculation, no statistical difference was found between treatments (p = 0.1049).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For control silages, T2C showed the lowest losses, significantly different from other treatments.

    “For the control silages, T2C showed the lowest losses, being significantly different from the other treatments (p < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Inoculated samples were spread on the upper half of the PCA graph, while control samples were grouped together on the bottom half.

    “The inoculated samples were spread on the upper half of the graph, while control samples were grouped together on the bottom half.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Lactic acid and DM were positively correlated, and along with ELoss and TDMLAS clustered close to PC1 and defined T1C, T2C, and T3C groups, corresponding to 37.81% of sample variability.

    “A direct and positive correlation was observed between the lactic acid and DM parameters, which along with ELoss and TDMLAS clustered together close to PC1 and defined T1C, T2C, and T3C groups, corresponding to 37.81% of the sample's variability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    pH and starch were negatively correlated with NDF and ADF, which defined the T4C group.

    “Those parameters were negatively correlated with NDF and ADF located at the opposite direction, and the latter ones defined the T4C group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Acetic acid and dig-starch were positively correlated and defined the T2A and T3A sample groups.

    “Acetic acid and dig-starch were positively correlated and defined the T2A and T3A sample groups, while TDML and GProd defined the T4A group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    pH and starch were positively correlated and delimited the T1A group samples.

    “pH and starch were positively correlated and delimited the T1A group samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Delayed sealing increased NDF and ADF concentrations and reduced starch contents at silo opening.

    “Delayed sealing increased the NDF and ADF concentrations and reduced starch contents at silo opening.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The first 24 h after sealing was defined by the highest GProd value, and this rate decreased until the eighth day.

    “The first 24 h after sealing was defined by the highest GProd value, and this rate decreased until the eighth day.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Gas production (GProd) continued for eight days after sealing and had a significant treatment effect, with increased delayed sealing raising GProd values.

    “Gprod continued for eight days after sealing and had a significant treatment effect, with increased delayed sealing raising GProd values.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Starch defined T1A group samples, which corroborates with starch reduction with increasing delay periods.

    “In short, starch defined T1A group samples, which corroborates with starch reduction with increasing delay periods [10,32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] Gerlach, 2018, Effect of Compaction, Delayed Sealing and Aerobic Exposure on Maize Silage Quality and on Formation of Volatile Organic Compounds, Grass Forage Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] Coelho, 2018, Chemical Characteristics, Aerobic Stability, and Microbiological Counts in Corn Silage Re-Ensiled with Bacterial Inoculant, Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Acetic acid and ethanol concentrations remained unchanged among different periods of delayed sealing and were affected only by the additive.

    “In the present study, the concentrations of acetic acid and ethanol remained unchanged among the different periods of delayed sealing and were affected only by the additive.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    TDML and gas production were higher in inoculated silages T2A, T3A, and T4A, but the inoculant was effective in reducing effluent loss in treated silages.

    “TDML and GProd were higher in inoculated silages T2A, T3A, and T4A; however, the use of the inoculant was effective in reducing ELoss in treated silages.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    ELoss and TDML_AS parameters were more predominant in control silages and therefore defined this sample position over the PCA graph.

    “In fact, ELoss and TDML AS parameters were more predominant in control silages and therefore defined this sample position over the PCA graph.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    A trained staff of ten people worked simultaneously during field trial assembly to guarantee the effectiveness of the pre-programmed control and delay times.

    “To guarantee the effectiveness of the pre-programmed control (30 min) and delay times (90, 150, and 210 min), a trained staff of ten people worked simultaneously during the field trial assembly.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After chopping, the presence of air in the forage mass delays the onset of fermentation, encouraging growth of undesirable microbes and leading to secondary fermentations.

    “After chopping, the presence of air in the forage mass delays the onset of fermentation, encouraging growth of undesirable microbes and leading to secondary fermentations [9].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] McDonald, P., Henderson, A.R., and Heron, S.J.E. (1991). The Biochemistry of Silage, Chalcombe Publications. [2nd ed.].

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Slow silo filling and delayed sealing negatively affect silage quality because dry matter losses and quality changes occur during these phases.

    “The slow silo filling and delayed sealing negatively affect the silage quality once dry matter (DM) losses and quality changes occur during these phases [10][11][12][13]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [10] Gerlach, 2018, Effect of Compaction, Delayed Sealing and Aerobic Exposure on Maize Silage Quality and on Formation of Volatile Organic Compounds, Grass Forage Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Kim, 2006, Influence of Ensiling Temperature, Simulated Rainfall, and Delayed Sealing on Fermentation Characteristics and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Mills, 2002, The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Data were checked for normality and homocedasticity, and ANOVA assumptions were met before two-way ANOVA.

    “Data were subjected to preliminary exploratory analyses to check for normality and homocedasticity.Then, after meeting the ANOVA assumptions, we performed a two-way ANOVA using the MIXED procedure from SAS”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The reduction in silage crude protein with delayed sealing indicates increased proteolysis because protein degradation continues while oxygen remains and pH is not lowered.

    “Increased delayed sealing caused a reduction in silage CP content, indicating increased proteolysis since protein degradation remains as long as the oxygen in the silo is not consumed and the pH is not lowered [9,35,36].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [9] McDonald, P., Henderson, A.R., and Heron, S.J.E. (1991). The Biochemistry of Silage, Chalcombe Publications. [2nd ed.].

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Du, 2020, Dynamic Changes and Characterization of the Protein and Carbohydrate Fractions of Native Grass Grown in Inner Mongolia during Ensiling and the Aerobic Stage, Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] Oladosu, 2016, Fermentation Quality and Additives: A Case of Rice Straw Silage, BioMed Res. Int. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Soluble nonprotein nitrogen was not measured in the silages tested.

    “Here, we did not measure soluble-NPN in silages tested, but this parameter is frequently correlated with CP reduction in silages as a result of proteolysis during ensiling [35].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Du, 2020, Dynamic Changes and Characterization of the Protein and Carbohydrate Fractions of Native Grass Grown in Inner Mongolia during Ensiling and the Aerobic Stage, Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    An increase in starch digestibility often results in greater synthesis of ruminal microbial protein and higher nitrogen use efficiency.

    “Such an increase in starch digestibility often results in greater synthesis of ruminal microbial protein and, in turn, higher N use efficiency [38,39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38] Givens, 2004, Utilisation by Ruminants of Nitrogen Compounds in Silage-Based Diets, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39] Hristov, 2019, Invited Review: Nitrogen in Ruminant Nutrition: A Review of Measurement Techniques, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Similar findings on delayed sealing increasing NDF and ADF and reducing starch were previously described.

    “Similar findings were previously described [10,12,41,42].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [10] Gerlach, 2018, Effect of Compaction, Delayed Sealing and Aerobic Exposure on Maize Silage Quality and on Formation of Volatile Organic Compounds, Grass Forage Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Mills, 2002, The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Lima, 2020, Efeito Do Tempo de Ensilagem Sobre a Composição Química, Perfil Fermentativo e Estabilidade Aeróbia de Silagens de Milho (Zea mays), Divers. J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Coelho et al. found increased NDF in re-ensiled silages, and Yang affirms that exhaustion of water-soluble carbohydrates after ensiling resulted in increases in NDF and ADF contents.

    “For instance, Coelho et al. [32] found increased percentages of NDF in re-ensiled silages, and Yang [43] affirms that the exhaustion of WSC (85% reduction) after ensiling resulted in increases on structural carbohydrate concentrations represented by NDF and ADF contents on silages tested.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32] Coelho, 2018, Chemical Characteristics, Aerobic Stability, and Microbiological Counts in Corn Silage Re-Ensiled with Bacterial Inoculant, Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [43] Yang, 2005, Proteolysis, Fermentation Efficiency, and in vitro Ruminal Digestion of Peanut Stover Ensiled with Raw or Heated Corn, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Starch loss during fermentation has been reported in total mixed ration silages and ranged between 17% and 23%.

    “However, starch loss during fermentation has been reported in total mixed ration (TMR) silages and ranged between 17% and 23% [34,44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [34] Ning, 2017, Effects of Microbial Enzymes on Starch and Hemicellulose Degradation in Total Mixed Ration Silages, Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [44] Miyaji, 2017, Effect of Ensiling Process of Total Mixed Ration on Fermentation Profile, Nutrient Loss and in Situ Ruminal Degradation Characteristics of Diet, Anim. Sci. J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In rehydrated corn grain silages, bacterial enzymes were primarily responsible for proteolysis (60%), followed by plant proteases (30%).

    “In rehydrated corn grain silages, Junges et al. [45] reported that bacterial enzymes were primarily responsible for proteolysis (60%), followed by plant proteases (30%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Junges, 2017, Short Communication: Influence of Various Proteolytic Sources during Fermentation of Reconstituted Corn Grain Silages, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lignin is closely related to cell wall polysaccharides, and its matrix distribution around cellulose microfibrils worsens fiber digestibility.

    “Although lignin is not a carbohydrate, it is closely related to cell wall polysaccharides [30], and because its matrix presents polymer distribution around the cellulose microfibrils, fiber digestibility is worsened [16,31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [30] Jarret, 2016, Effect of Increasing Levels of Corn Silage in an Alfalfa-Based Dairy Cow Diet and of Manure Management Practices on Manure Fugitive Methane Emissions, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Zheng, 2020, A Taxonomic Note on the Genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 Novel Genera, Emended Description of the Genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and Union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [31] Keller, 2016, Re-Ensiling and Its Effects on Chemical Composition, in Vitro Digestibility, and Quality of Corn Silage after Different Lengths of Exposure to Air, Can. J. Anim. Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Loss of true protein may significantly reduce the efficiency of nitrogen utilization by ruminants.

    “This loss of true protein may significantly reduce the efficiency of nitrogen utilization by ruminants [38,39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38] Givens, 2004, Utilisation by Ruminants of Nitrogen Compounds in Silage-Based Diets, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39] Hristov, 2019, Invited Review: Nitrogen in Ruminant Nutrition: A Review of Measurement Techniques, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The drop in starch with increasing delay sealing was mitigated by the inoculant, which prevented starch decrease in treated silages.

    “However, this drop was mitigated by the inoculant that prevented starch decrease in the treated silages.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Coelho et al. found an effect of co-inoculation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici on reduction of ash content in re-ensiled maize silages.

    “In agreement with our findings, Coelho et al. [32] also found an effect of co-inoculation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici on the reduction of ash content in re-ensiled maize silages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Coelho, 2018, Chemical Characteristics, Aerobic Stability, and Microbiological Counts in Corn Silage Re-Ensiled with Bacterial Inoculant, Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The shift from fermentative to respiratory metabolism in lactic acid bacteria triggers early entrance into stationary phase and reroutes pyruvate away from lactate or lactate and ethanol, resulting in acetate accumulation.

    “The shift from fermentative to respiratory metabolism triggers in LAB an early entrance into the stationary phase along with marked changes in final products profiles, rerouting pyruvate away from lactate or from lactate and ethanol, respectively, in homofermentative and heterofermentative lactobacilli, resulting in acetate accumulation [46][47][48].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [46] Kang, 2013, Influence of Oxygen on NADH Recycling and Oxidative Stress Resistance Systems in Lactobacillus panis PM1, AMB Express source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [47] Maresca, 2018, Adaptation to Aerobic Environment of Lactobacillus johnsonii/gasseri Strains, Front. Microbiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [48] Zotta, 2017, Aerobic Metabolism in the Genus Lactobacillus: Impact on Stress Response and Potential Applications in the Food Industry, J. Appl. Microbiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Silages underwent great changes with increasing delay sealing, including dry matter reduction as a result of greater losses represented by TDML, effluent loss, and gas production.

    “The silages underwent great changes with increasing delay sealing; among them, we observed DM reduction as a result of greater losses represented by the parameters TDML, Eloss, and GProd.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oxygen influences lactic acid bacteria metabolism, and air infiltration results in decline of lactic acid concentration in maize silage and barley silage.

    “However, oxygen influences LAB metabolism [46][47][48], and similar to our findings, other studies have reported that air infiltration results in the decline of lactic acid concentration in maize silage [10,11,13] and also in barley silage [12].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [46] Kang, 2013, Influence of Oxygen on NADH Recycling and Oxidative Stress Resistance Systems in Lactobacillus panis PM1, AMB Express source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [47] Maresca, 2018, Adaptation to Aerobic Environment of Lactobacillus johnsonii/gasseri Strains, Front. Microbiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [48] Zotta, 2017, Aerobic Metabolism in the Genus Lactobacillus: Impact on Stress Response and Potential Applications in the Food Industry, J. Appl. Microbiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Conflicting results have been described on the effects of delayed sealing on aerobic stability.

    “Conflicting results have been described on the effects of delayed sealing on AS [10][11][12][13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10][11][12][13]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gas is produced from residual oxygen respiration and from fermentation of forage carbohydrates to acetate and butyrate; propionate fermentation occurs only from buffering of VFA.

    “Gas is produced from residual oxygen respiration, as well as when forage carbohydrates are fermented to acetate and butyrate, with fermentation to propionate occurring only from buffering of VFA [51].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Amer, 2012, Effects of Water Soluble Carbohydrate Content on Ensiling Characteristics, Chemical Composition and in Vitro Gas Production of Forage Millet and Forage Sorghum Silages, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Higher TDML and gas production in inoculated silages corroborates with higher ethanol and acetic acid, resulting in greater losses of CO2 through the lactic acid bacteria heterolactic fermentation pathway.

    “The higher TDML and GProd in the inoculated silages corroborates with the higher levels of ethanol and acetic acid found in this material, resulting in greater losses of CO 2 to the environment through the LAB heterolactic fermentation pathway [50].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Filannino, 2018, Metabolic and Functional Paths of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Plant Foods: Get out of the Labyrinth, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Maize silages usually have very low contents of butyric acid due to the low pH that this material can quickly reach during fermentation.

    “Indeed, previous studies show that maize silages usually have very low contents of butyric acid in their composition, due to the low pH that this material can quickly reach during fermentation [26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Hu, 2009, The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 or Lactobacillus plantarum MTD-1 on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silages Ensiled at Two Dry Matter Contents, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The increased aerobic stability in inoculated silages can be correlated with the higher concentration of acetic acid in this material, which might lead to the inhibition of yeast and mold growth.

    “This fact can be correlated with the higher concentration of acetic acid in this material, which might lead to the inhibition of yeast and mold growth [5].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Kung, 2018, Silage Review: Interpretation of Chemical, Microbial, and Organoleptic Components of Silages, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Bruning et al. reported dry matter losses of up to 11% with increasing delay sealing.

    “Bruning et al. [10] reported DM losses of up to 11% with increasing delay sealing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Gerlach, 2018, Effect of Compaction, Delayed Sealing and Aerobic Exposure on Maize Silage Quality and on Formation of Volatile Organic Compounds, Grass Forage Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prolonged respiration by plant enzymes and aerobic microorganisms competing with lactic acid bacteria for water-soluble carbohydrates during the pre-sealing phase causes loss of substrates for lactic acid bacteria and reduces lactic acid concentrations.

    “Additionally, prolonged respiration processes by plant enzymes and aerobic microorganisms competing with LAB for WSC during the pre-sealing phase causes a loss of substrates for LAB that ended up contributing to reduce lactic acid concentrations even more [13].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Weiss, 2016, Effects of Air Exposure, Temperature and Additives on Fermentation Characteristics, Yeast Count, Aerobic Stability and Volatile Organic Compounds in Corn Silage, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Higher TDML_AS on control silages is consistent with the higher lactic acid content found in this material, since yeasts involved in silage deterioration mainly consume lactic acid to obtain energy.

    “Higher TDML AS on control silages is consistent with the higher lactic acid content found in this material, since yeasts involved in silage deterioration mainly consume lactic acid to obtain energy [56].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56] Sieuwerts, 2018, Mutually Stimulating Interactions between Lactic Acid Bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Sourdough Fermentation, LWT source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    LAB competes with undesirable aerobic microbes for water-soluble carbohydrates, and when their development prevails, it results in a drop in pH, limiting the occurrence of aerobic and basophilic microbes.

    “In general, LAB competes with undesirable aerobic microbes for the water-soluble carbohydrates, and when their development prevails, it results in a drop in pH, limiting the occurrence of aerobic and basophilic microbes [6].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Muck, 2018, Silage Review: Recent Advances and Future Uses of Silage Additives, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The counting plate technique does not represent the microbial dynamics throughout the assay but the number of viable colony-forming units at silo opening.

    “However, it is important to emphasize that the counting plate technique does not represent the microbial dynamics throughout the assay but the number of viable colony-forming units at silo opening.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In general, gas dynamics were similar to previous reports in maize and sugarcane silages in which gas production achieved its peak in the first few days of fermentation.

    “In general, gas dynamics were similar to previous reports in maize and sugarcane silages in which gas production achieved its peak in the first few days of fermentation [18,52,53].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [18] Bueno, 2020, Natamycin as a Potential Silage Additive: A Lab Trial Using Sugarcane to Assess Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Rev. Bras. Zootec. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [52] Gerlach, K., and Südekum, K.-H. (2018, January 24–26). Carbon Absorption in Silages: A Novel Approach in Silage Microbiology. Proceedings of the XVIII International Silage Conference, Bonn, Germany.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [53] Kuoppala, K., Rinne, M., and Vanhatalo, A. (2004, January 2–4). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fermentation of Corn Silage. Proceedings of the XVI International Silage Conference, Hämeenlinna, Finland.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In whole-plant maize silage (WPMS), bacterial succession is often dominated by Leuconostoc and Weissella before ensiling, and they are replaced by Lactobacillus during ensiling when favorable conditions occur.

    “The bacterial succession in WPMS has been previously studied and is often dominated by Leuconostoc and Weissella before ensiling, and when favorable conditions, occur they are replaced by Lactobacillus during ensiling [55].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Hu, 2018, Diversity of Bacterial Community during Ensiling and Subsequent Exposure to Air in Whole-Plant Maize Silage, Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lactic acid bacteria are generally considered oxygen-tolerant anaerobes with a fermentative metabolism, and most can grow under aerobic conditions.

    “LAB are generally considered oxygen-tolerant anaerobes with a fermentative metabolism, meaning that most of them can grow under aerobic conditions [46].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Kang, 2013, Influence of Oxygen on NADH Recycling and Oxidative Stress Resistance Systems in Lactobacillus panis PM1, AMB Express source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reductions in lactic acid content cause an increase in pH, triggering the degradation of the ensiled material.

    “Reductions on lactic acid contents causes an increase in pH, triggering the degradation of the ensiled material [3,6].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] Ferraretto, 2018, Silage Review: Recent Advances and Future Technologies for Whole-Plant and Fractionated Corn Silage Harvesting, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Muck, 2018, Silage Review: Recent Advances and Future Uses of Silage Additives, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Inoculated silages had higher contents of acetic acid that finally resulted in enhanced aerobic stability and reduced silage TDML_AS.

    “Moreover, inoculated silages had higher contents of acetic acid that finally resulted in enhanced AS and reduced silage TDML AS .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The commercial inoculant 11C33 contains Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri, which produce lactic acid and acetic acid respectively, giving immediate and long-term effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The different times tested affected the results of experimental trials that assess the effects of silage inoculants, leading to wrong conclusions.

    “The different times tested affected the results of experimental trials that assess the effects of silage inoculants, leading to wrong conclusions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The delay periods tested here, and even those much longer than these, are commonly adopted by research groups, and without further questioning their influence on the data obtained, the conclusions made consequently compromise their recommendations.

    “It is important to emphasize that the delay periods tested here, and even those much longer than these, are commonly adopted by research groups, and without further questioning their influence on the data obtained, the conclusions made consequently compromise their recommendations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Increasing the time of air exposure before sealing increases fermentation losses and reduces the quality of silages.

    “Increasing the time of air exposure before sealing increases fermentation losses and reduces the quality of silages.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
58 of 58

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No efforts to understand the impact of pre-ensiling conditions on the results of experimental trials in lab-scale silos have been described in the scientific literature.

    “However, as far as we know, no efforts to understand the impact of pre-ensiling conditions over the results of experimental trials in lab-scale silos have been described in the scientific literature.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Preparing packaging for filling and sealing experimental silos takes time, which can cause variation among treatments.

    “Preparing the packaging for filling and sealing the experimental silos takes time, which can be a cause of variation among treatments.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Time intervals even greater than 210 min between chopping and sealing are common when setting up a silage trial.

    “However, time intervals even greater than 210 min between chopping and sealing are common when setting up a silage trial, depending on the teamwork, machinery, and field distances.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    During exposure of fresh forage to air, lignin concentrations are not affected by respiration.

    “It is important to consider that during the exposure of fresh forage to air, lignin concentrations were not affected by respiration, but there was a decrease in the soluble carbohydrate content that could proportionally increase the lignin values, since the results are expressed as percentages.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a negative correlation between ADF contents and feed degradability.

    “It stands out that the increase in ADF contents indicates a worse nutritional value of silages, since there is a negative correlation between ADF contents and feed degradability.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most bacteria responsible for silage fermentation are not associated with amylolytic activity.

    “Most of the bacteria responsible for silage fermentation are not associated with amylolytic activity, and a decrease in starch content is generally not expected due to the ensiling process.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The commercial inoculant 11C33 contains Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri, which produce lactic acid and acetic acid respectively, giving immediate and long-term effects.

    “inoculation with commercial products such as inoculant 11C33 has both an immediate impact (with the production of lactic acid by L. plantarum) as well as a long-term impact (with the production of acetic acid by L. buchneri), with the objective to promote an effect on the post-opening phase by enhancing aerobic stability and reducing silage total dry matter loss upon aerobic exposure.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Crude-protein treatment means are reversed

    Major

    The four control values average 8.00, not the reported 8.21; the four inoculated values average 8.21, not the reported 7.99. The reversed means misstate the direction of the inoculation effect in the table.

    Reported 8.21 · recomputed 7.995

  • Crude protein is described as having no interaction despite a significant interaction p-value

    Major

    The text says the delay-by-inoculation interaction for crude protein was nonsignificant, but Table 1 reports p = 0.0371, below the paper's 0.05 threshold.

  • Inoculated silages also lost starch with longer sealing delay

    Minor

    The discussion says inoculation prevented the starch decrease. Table 1 shows inoculated starch declining from 22.68 at 30 minutes to 18.59 at 210 minutes, with different significance letters (a and b).

3 of 3

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 49 · Cited by 15

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Hammer, 2001, Past: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis, Palaeontol. Electron., 4, 9
  2. Nutcher, K., Salacci, R., Kuber, C.P., Kuber, R., Uriarte, M.E., and Bolsen, K.K. (2015, January 1–3). Effects of Sealing Time Post-Filling and Sealing Material on Fermentation, Nutritional Quality, and Organic Matter Loss of Whole-Plant Maize Ensiled in a Drive-over Pile. Proceedings of the XVII International Silage Conference, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
  3. Gerlach, K., and Südekum, K.-H. (2018, January 24–26). Carbon Absorption in Silages: A Novel Approach in Silage Microbiology. Proceedings of the XVIII International Silage Conference, Bonn, Germany.
  4. Kuoppala, K., Rinne, M., and Vanhatalo, A. (2004, January 2–4). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fermentation of Corn Silage. Proceedings of the XVI International Silage Conference, Hämeenlinna, Finland.

Authors
de Melo, N. N., Carvalho-Estrada, P. D. A., Tavares, Q. G., Pereira, L. D. M., Delai Vigne, G. L., Camargo Rezende, D. M. L., & Schmidt, P.
Affiliations
  • Animal Science Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80035-050, Brazil
  • Animal Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
  • Universidade Federal do Paraná (BR)
  • Animal Science Department, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
Corresponding author
Schmidt, Patrick
ORCID
Venue
Agronomy
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-01-11
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
223
ISSN
2073-4395 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/agronomy13010223
OpenAlex
W4315574046
Semantic Scholar
67a03b6e3d6f1f92370d6a37bda6a9a361e6943f
Cited by
15
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4
FWCI
4.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Agronomy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
CORTEVA AGRISCIENCE
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
Keywords
corn silage, silage inoculation, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, aerobic stability, silage fermentation, silage chemical composition, dry matter loss, silage effluent

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

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