The hinge region in androgen receptor control
Abstract
The region between the DNA-binding domain and the ligand-binding domain of nuclear receptors is termed the hinge region. Although this flexible linker is poorly conserved, diverse functions have been ascribed to it. For the androgen receptor (AR), the hinge region and in particular the (629)RKLKKL(634) motif, plays a central role in controlling AR activity, not only because it acts as the main part of the nuclear translocation signal, but also because it regulates the transactivation potential and intranuclear mobility of the receptor. It is also a target site for acetylation, ubiquitylation and methylation. The interplay between these different modifications as well as the phosphorylation at serine 650 will be discussed here. The hinge also has an important function in AR binding to classical versus selective androgen response elements. In addition, the number of coactivators/corepressors that might act via interaction with the hinge region is still growing. The importance of the hinge region is further illustrated by the different somatic mutations described in patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome and prostate cancer. In conclusion, the hinge region serves as an integrator for signals coming from different pathways that provide feedback to the control of AR activity.
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Epigenetic modifications such as acetylation of AR gene regions can amplify AR expression, enhancing testosterone's anabolic effects.
“Furthermore, epigenetic modifications, such as acetylation of AR gene regions, can amplify AR expression, enhancing testosterone’s anabolic effects [62].”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [62]
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- Authors
- Clinckemalie, L., Vanderschueren, D., Boonen, S., & Claessens, F.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Claessens, Frank
- Venue
- Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 358
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 0303-7207 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1983131802
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Keywords
- androgen receptor, hinge region, nuclear receptors, nuclear translocation, transcriptional activation, post-translational modification, acetylation, ubiquitination, methylation, androgen response element, transcriptional coactivator, corepressors, androgen insensitivity syndrome, prostate cancer, somatic mutations
- MeSH terms
- Acetylation, Animals, DNA-Binding Proteins, Humans, Methylation, Peptides, Phosphorylation, Receptors, Androgen, Transcriptional Activation, Response Elements, Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs, Ubiquitination
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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