Cited by 673Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesAutomotive and Human Injury Biomechanics

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Epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease

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Gardner, Raquel C., Yaffe, Kristine·2015·Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience

DOI 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.03.001PMC PMC4461453

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Abstract

Every year an estimated 42 million people worldwide suffer a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) or concussion. More severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a well-established risk factor for a variety of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recently, large epidemiological studies have additionally identified MTBI as a risk factor for dementia. The role of MTBI in risk of PD or ALS is less well established. Repetitive MTBI and repetitive sub-concussive head trauma have been linked to increased risk for a variety of neurodegenerative diseases including chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE is a unique neurodegenerative tauopathy first described in boxers but more recently described in a variety of contact sport athletes, military veterans, and civilians exposed to repetitive MTBI. Studies of repetitive MTBI and CTE have been limited by referral bias, lack of consensus clinical criteria for CTE, challenges of quantifying MTBI exposure, and potential for confounding. The prevalence of CTE is unknown and the amount of MTBI or sub-concussive trauma exposure necessary to produce CTE is unclear. This review will summarize the current literature regarding the epidemiology of MTBI, post-TBI dementia and Parkinson's disease, and CTE while highlighting methodological challenges and critical future directions of research in this field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Traumatic Brain Injury.

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Authors: Gardner, R. C., & Yaffe, K.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Gardner, Raquel C.
ORCID: Gardner, Raquel C.
Yaffe, Kristine
Venue: Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-05
Volume: 66
Issue: Pt B
Pages: 75-80
ISSN: 1044-7431 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.03.001
PMC: PMC4461453
OpenAlex: W2078379881
Cited by: 673
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 10
FWCI: 5.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Academic Affiliations Advanced Fellowship Program in Mental Illness Research and Treatment
Medical Research Service of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Department of Veterans Affairs Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC)
National Institutes of Health (NIH) (K24 AG031155)
Department of Defense (W81XWH-12-1-0581)
Department of Veterans Affairs
California Department of Public Health
Bright Focus Foundation
Alzheimer’s Association
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
Keywords: mild traumatic brain injury, concussion, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, repetitive head impacts, tauopathy, risk factors, epidemiology, military veterans, contact athletes
MeSH terms: Animals, Autopsy, Brain Injuries, Humans, Risk, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease

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