Direct parametric reconstruction from undersampled (k,t)-space data in dynamic contrast enhanced MRI
Open accessAbstract
The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) signal can be made sensitive to functional parameters that provide information about tissues. In dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI these functional parameters are related to the microvasculature environment and the concentration changes that occur rapidly after the injection of a contrast agent. Typically DCE images are reconstructed individually and kinetic parameters are estimated by fitting a pharmacokinetic model to the time-enhancement response; these methods can be denoted as "indirect". If undersampling is present to accelerate the acquisition, techniques such as kt-FOCUSS can be employed in the reconstruction step to avoid image degradation. This paper suggests a Bayesian inference framework to estimate functional parameters directly from the measurements at high temporal resolution. The current implementation estimates pharmacokinetic parameters (related to the extended Tofts model) from undersampled (k, t)-space DCE MRI. The proposed scheme is evaluated on a simulated abdominal DCE phantom and prostate DCE data, for fully sampled, 4 and 8-fold undersampled (k, t)-space data. Direct kinetic parameters demonstrate better correspondence (up to 70% higher mutual information) to the ground truth kinetic parameters (of the simulated abdominal DCE phantom) than the ones derived from the indirect methods. For the prostate DCE data, direct kinetic parameters depict the morphology of the tumour better. To examine the impact on cancer diagnosis, a peripheral zone prostate cancer diagnostic model was employed to calculate a probability map for each method.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Donoho, D. L. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.2006.871582 · Cited by 23,994 · see citing works
Donoho, D. L. (2004) · Cited by 17,049 · see citing works
Sparse MRI: The application of compressed sensing for rapid MR imaging
Lustig, M., Donoho, D., & Pauly, J. M. (2007) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.21391 · Cited by 6,952 · see citing works
A Singular Value Thresholding Algorithm for Matrix Completion
Jian-feng Cai, A., Candès, E. J., & Shen, Z. (2010) · SIAM Journal on Optimization · doi:10.1137/080738970 · Cited by 5,778 · see citing works
Generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA)
Griswold, M. A., Jakob, P. M., Heidemann, R. M., Nittka, M., Jellús̆, V., Wang, J., Kiefer, B., & Haase, A. (2002) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.10171 · Cited by 5,311 · see citing works
Nonrigid registration using free-form deformations: application to breast mr images
Rueckert, D., Sonoda, L. I., Hayes, C., Hill, D. L. G., Leach, M. O., & Hawkes, D. J. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.796284 · Cited by 5,265 · see citing works
Handbook of Markov Chain Monte Carlo
Brooks, S., Gelman, A., Jones, G. L., & Meng, X. (2011) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10905 · Cited by 3,019 · see citing works
Signal Recovery by Proximal Forward-Backward Splitting
Combettes, P. L., & Wajs, V. R. (2005) · Multiscale Modeling and Simulation · doi:10.1137/050626090 · Cited by 2,681 · see citing works
The rician distribution of noisy mri data
Guðbjartsson, H., & Patz, S. (1995) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910340618 · Cited by 2,498 · see citing works
Modeling tracer kinetics in dynamic Gd‐DTPA MR imaging
Tofts, P. S. (1997) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.1880070113 · Cited by 1,483 · see citing works
Accelerated Dynamic MRI Exploiting Sparsity and Low-Rank Structure: k-t SLR
Lingala, S. G., Hu, Y., DiBella, E., & Jacob, M. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2010.2100850 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Parker, G. J. M., Roberts, C., Macdonald, A. C., Buonaccorsi, G. A., Cheung, S., Buckley, D. L., Jackson, A., Watson, Y., Davies, K. E., & Jayson, G. C. (2006) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.21066 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Neuromagnetic source imaging with FOCUSS: a recursive weighted minimum norm algorithm
Gorodnitsky, I. F., George, J. S., & Rao, B. D. (1995) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(95)00107-a · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Engelbrecht, M. R. W., Huisman, H. J., Laheij, R. J. F., Jager, G. J., van Leenders, G. J. L. H., de Kaa, C. A. H., de la Rosette, J. J. M. C. H., Blickman, J. G., & Barentsz, J. O. (2003) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2291020200 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Improvedk–tBLAST andk–tSENSE using FOCUSS
Jung, H., Ye, J. C., & Kim, E. Y. (2007) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/52/11/018 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Robust Rician noise estimation for MR images
Pierrick Coupé, A., Manjón, J. V., Gedamu, E. L., Arnold, D. L., Robles, M., & Collins, D. L. (2010) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2010.03.001 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Buckley, D. L., Roberts, C., Parker, G. J. M., Logue, J. P., & Hutchinson, C. E. (2004) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2333032098 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
MRI temporal acceleration techniques
Tsao, J., & Kozerke, S. (2012) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.23640 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Water diffusion, T2, and compartmentation in frog sciatic nerve
Peled, S., Cory, D. G., Raymond, S. A., Kirschner, D. A., & Jolesz, F. A. (1999) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199911)42:5 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Robust principal component analysis-based four-dimensional computed tomography
Gao, H., Jian-feng Cai, A., Shen, Z., & Hongkai Zhao, C. (2011) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/56/11/002 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Optimal Proposal Distributions and Adaptive MCMC
Rosenthal, J. S. (2011) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10905-5 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Inference from Simulations and Monitoring Convergence
Gelman, A., & Shirley, K. E. (2011) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10905-7 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Materne, R., BEERS, B. E. V., Smith, A. M., Leconte, I., Jamart, J., Dehoux, J., Keyeux, A., & Horsmans, Y. (2000) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0990517 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Implementing MCMC: Estimating with Confidence
Flegal, J. M., & Jones, G. L. (2011) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10905-8 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Thoracic respiratory motion estimation from MRI using a statistical model and a 2-D image navigator
King, A. P., Buerger, C., Tsoumpas, C., Marsden, P. K., & Schaeffter, T. (2011) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2011.08.003 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Hamy, V., Δικαίος, Ν., Punwani, S., Melbourne, A., Latifoltojar, A., Makanyanga, J. C., Chouhan, M. D., Helbren, E., Menys, A., Taylor, S. A., et al. (2013) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2013.10.016 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Tsoumpas, C., Turkheimer, F., & Thielemans, K. (2008) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1118/1.2885369 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Measurements of tumor vascular leakiness using DCE in brain tumors: clinical applications
Jain, R. (2013) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.2994 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Joint estimation of image and deformation parameters in motion-corrected PET
Jacobson, M. W., & Fessler, J. A. (2004) · IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC) · doi:10.1109/nssmic.2003.1352599 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Puech, P., Betrouni, N., Makni, N., Dewalle, A. S., Villers, A. A., & LEMAITRE, L. (2008) · International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11548-008-0261-2 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Andersen, E. K. F., Hole, K. H., Lund, K. V., Sundfør, K., Kristensen, G. B., Lyng, H., & Malinen, E. (2013) · Radiotherapy and Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2012.11.007 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Materne, R., BEERS, B. E. V., Smith, A. M., et al. (2000) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20000080 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Generalized MRI reconstruction including elastic physiological motion and coil sensitivity encoding
Odille, F., Cîndea, N., Mandry, D., Pasquier, C., Vuissoz, P., & Felblinger, J. (2008) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.21520 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Agrawal, S., Awasthi, R., Singh, A. K., Haris, M., Gupta, R. K., & Rathore, R. K. S. (2012) · Clinical Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.crad.2012.03.005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Rahmim, A., Zhou, Y., Tang, J., Lu, L., Sossi, V., & Wong, D. F. (2012) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/57/3/733 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Δικαίος, Ν., Punwani, S., Hamy, V., Purpura, P., Rice, S. R., Forster, M. D., Mendes, R. L., Taylor, S. A., & Atkinson, D. (2013) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.24877 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Evaluation of Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases
Armbruster, M., Sourbron, S. P., Haug, A. R., Zech, C. J., Ingrisch, M., Auernhammer, C. J., Nikolaou, K., Paprottka, P. M., Rist, C., Reiser, M. F., et al. (2013) · Investigative Radiology · doi:10.1097/rli.0b013e3182a4eb4a · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Banerji, A., Naish, J. H., Watson, Y., Jayson, G. C., Buonaccorsi, G. A., & Parker, G. J. M. (2011) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.22692 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Impact of erroneous kinetic model formulation in Direct 4D image reconstruction
Kotasidis, F. A., Matthews, J. C., Angelis, G. I., Markiewicz, P. J., Lionheart, W. R. B., & Reader, A. J. (2011) · IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC) · doi:10.1109/nssmic.2011.6153881 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Influence of Organ Motion and Contrast Enhancement on Image Registration
Melbourne, A., Atkinson, D., & Hawkes, D. J. (2008) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85990-1_114 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Furman-Haran, E. (2013) · TCRT Express · doi:10.7785/tcrtexpress.2013.600263 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Martin, D. F. (2011) · Clinical Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.crad.2011.11.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Δικαίος, Ν., Abd-Alazeez, M., Emberton, M., Fujiwara, T., Atkinson, D., & Punwani, S. (n.d.) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Press, W.H. et al., 1984. Numerical Recipes in C, Cambridge, New York.
- Brooks, S., Gelman, A., Jones, G., Meng, X.-L. (Eds.), Chapter for MCMC Handbook.
- Tofts, P.S., 2010. T1-Weighted DCE Imaging Concepts: Modelling, Acquisition and Analysis, pp. 1-5.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An overview of deep learning in medical imaging focusing on MRI
Lundervold, A. S., & Lundervold, A. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik · doi:10.1016/j.zemedi.2018.11.002 · Cited by 2,058 · see citing works
An overview of deep learning in medical imaging focusing on MRI
Lundervold, A. S., & Lundervold, A. (2018) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1,012 · see citing works
Direct Estimation of Tracer-Kinetic Parameter Maps from Highly Undersampled Brain DCE-MRI
Guo, Y., Lingala, S., Zhu, Y.-H., Lebel, R., & Nayak, K. (2016) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.26540 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bednařík, P., Goranovic, D., Svátková, A., Niess, F., Hingerl, L., Strasser, B., Deelchand, D. K., Spurny‐Dworak, B., Krššák, M., Trattnig, S., et al. (2023) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-023-01035-z · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Odille, F., Menini, A., Escanyé, J., Vuissoz, P., Marie, P., Beaumont, M., & Felblinger, J. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2015.2463088 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Efficient DCE-MRI Parameter and Uncertainty Estimation Using a Neural Network
Bliesener, Y., Acharya, J., & Nayak, K. S. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2019.2953901 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Guo, Y., Lingala, S., Bliesener, Y., Lebel, R., Zhu, Y.-H., & Nayak, K. (2017) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.26904 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Δικαίος, Ν., Atkinson, D., Tudisca, C., Purpura, P., Forster, M. D., Ahmed, H. U., Beale, T., Emberton, M., & Punwani, S. (2017) · Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics · doi:10.1016/j.compmedimag.2017.01.003 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Spatio-Temporally Constrained Reconstruction for Hyperpolarized Carbon-13 MRI Using Kinetic Models
Maidens, J., Gordon, J. W., Chen, H.-Y., Park, I., Criekinge, M. V., Milshteyn, E., Bok, R., Aggarwal, R. R., Ferrone, M., Slater, J. B., et al. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2018.2844246 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Δικαίος, Ν. (2020) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2020.101690 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Robust estimation of hemo-dynamic parameters in traditional DCE-MRI models
Hansen, M. B., Tietze, A., Haack, S., Kallehauge, J. F., Mikkelsen, I. K., Østergaard, L., & Mouridsen, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209891 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Joseph, S. S., & Dennisan, A. (2020) · Current medical imaging · doi:10.2174/1573405615666190124165855 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Park, J. S., Lim, E., Choi, S.-H., Sohn, C., Lee, J., & Park, J. (2019) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2019.101566 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Δικαίος, Ν., Protonotarios, N. Ε., FOKAS, A. S., & Kastis, G. A. (2021) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2021.04.013 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bliesener, Y., Lebel, R. M., Acharya, J., Frayne, R., & Nayak, K. S. (2021) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2021203628 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Motion correction of free-breathing magnetic resonance renography using model-driven registration
Flouri, D., Lesnic, D., Chrysochou, C., Parikh, J. D., Thelwall, P. E., Sheerin, N., Kalra, P. A., Buckley, D. L., & Sourbron, S. P. (2021) · Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10334-021-00936-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rastogi, A., & Yalavarthy, P. K. (2020) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/mp.14447 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Model-Based Reconstruction for Highly Accelerated First-Pass Perfusion Cardiac MRI
Correia, T., Schneider, T., & Chiribiri, A. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32245-8_57 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Inferring CT perfusion parameters and uncertainties using a Bayesian approach
Sun, T., Fulton, R., Hu, Z., Sutiono, C., Liang, D., & Zheng, H. (2021) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims-21-338 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Protonotarios, N. Ε., Tzampazidou, E., Kastis, G. A., & Δικαίος, Ν. (2022) · Journal of Imaging · doi:10.3390/jimaging8020029 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rastogi, A., Dutta, A., & Yalavarthy, P. K. (2022) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/mp.16081 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Direct estimation of permeability maps for low-dose CT perfusion
Fang, R., Gupta, A. K., & Sanelli, P. C. (2016) · IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) · doi:10.1109/isbi.2016.7493372 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI: Basic Physics, Pulse Sequences, and Modeling
Tian, Y., & Adluru, G. (2020) · Advances in magnetic resonance technology and applications · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817057-1.00015-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Deep Learning-Based Framework for Highly Accelerated Prostate MR Dispersion Imaging
Zhao, K., Pang, K., Hung, A. L. Y., Zheng, H., Yan, R., & Sung, K. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16172983 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Maximum Entropy Approach in Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Farsani, Z. A., & Schmid, V. J. (2017) · Methods of Information in Medicine · doi:10.3414/me17-01-0027 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dickie, B., & van Houdt, P. J. (2023) · Advances in magnetic resonance technology and applications · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95209-5.00016-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Comparative Objective Assessment on Mesh-Based and SVM-Based 3D Reconstruction of MRI Brain
Joseph, S. S., & Dennisan, A. (2019) · International Journal of Natural Computing Research · doi:10.4018/ijncr.2019070103 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bancroft, L. C. H., Holmes, J. H., Bosca-Harasim, R., Johnson, J. A., Wang, P., Korosec, F. R., Block, W. F., & Strigel, R. M. (2022) · Tomography · doi:10.3390/tomography8020081 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence: The next frontier of perfusion imaging?
Scannell, C. M., Chiribiri, A., & Leiner, T. (2023) · Advances in magnetic resonance technology and applications · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95209-5.00002-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Farsani, Z. A., & Schmid, V. J. (2022) · Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10278-022-00646-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liu, F., Li, D., Jin, X., & Qiu, W. (2021) · International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology · doi:10.1002/ima.22664 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rastogi, A., & Yalavarthy, P. K. (2024) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/mp.16935 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Modified Maximum Entropy Method and Estimating the AIF via DCE-MRI Data Analysis
Farsani, Z. A., & Schmid, V. J. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24020155 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jurek, J., Reisæter, L. A. R., Kociński, M., & Materka, A. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59006-2_7
Park, J. S., Choi, S.-H., Sohn, C., & Park, J. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2021.3104016
Bednařík, P., Goranovic, D., Svátková, A., Niess, F., Hingerl, L., Strasser, B., Deelchand, D. K., Spurny‐Dworak, B., Trattnig, S., Hangel, G. J., et al. (2023) · Proceedings on CD-ROM - International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Scientific Meeting and Exhibition/Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Scientific Meeting and Exhibition · doi:10.58530/2022/0630
Yang, Y., Xiao, H., Yang, X., Wang, J., Jia, S., Zheng, H., & Sun, J. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-38179-8_40
- Authors
- Dikaios, N., Arridge, S., Hamy, V., Punwani, S., & Atkinson, D.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Medical Image Analysis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 989-1001
- ISSN
- 1361-8415 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084824769
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Medical Image Analysis (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- UK EPSRC (EP/I018700/1, EP/H046410/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › MRI in cancer diagnosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, parametric image reconstruction, Bayesian inference, extended Tofts model, pharmacokinetic parameters, prostate cancer, peripheral zone, microcirculation
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Bayes Theorem, Computer Simulation, Contrast Media, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Prostatic Neoplasms, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Respiratory Mechanics, Phantoms, Imaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review